{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3165355909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3447755","title":"Principal Component Analysis","display_name":"Principal Component Analysis","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3165355909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3447755","mag":"3165355909"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3447755","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3447755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032418160","display_name":"Felipe L. Gewers","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Felipe L. Gewers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Physics, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Physics, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028846865","display_name":"Gustavo R. Ferreira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7330-0018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gustavo R. Ferreira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085599698","display_name":"Henrique Ferraz de Arruda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4325-6888"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henrique F. De Arruda","raw_affiliation_strings":["S\u00e3o Carlos Institute of Physics, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos, SP, Brazil, Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos, SP, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"S\u00e3o Carlos Institute of Physics, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos, SP, Brazil, Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos, SP, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025683130","display_name":"Filipi N. Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9151-6517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["BR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Filipi N. Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["S\u00e3o Carlos Institute of Physics, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos, SP, Brazil, School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"S\u00e3o Carlos Institute of Physics, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos, SP, Brazil, School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076528057","display_name":"C\u00e9sar H. Comin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1207-4982"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177909021","display_name":"Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Carlos","ror":"https://ror.org/00qdc6m37","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177909021"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cesar H. Comin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos, S\u00e3o Carlos, SP, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos, S\u00e3o Carlos, SP, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177909021"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074263397","display_name":"Diego R. Amancio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3422-5166"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diego R. Amancio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos, SP, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos, SP, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005669749","display_name":"Luciano da Fontoura Costa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5203-4366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luciano Da F. Costa","raw_affiliation_strings":["S\u00e3o Carlos Institute of Physics, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos, SP, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"S\u00e3o Carlos Institute of Physics, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos, SP, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032418160"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":22.0594,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":441,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99923398,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"34"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11871","display_name":"Advanced Statistical Methods and Models","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.9490290880203247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.8552138209342957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6282185316085815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.607367753982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardization","display_name":"Standardization","score":0.5741828083992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sparse-pca","display_name":"Sparse PCA","score":0.5111351609230042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4975176155567169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.49008452892303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal","display_name":"Principal (computer security)","score":0.4699820578098297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robust-principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Robust principal component analysis","score":0.4268782138824463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42489105463027954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.42416831851005554}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.9490290880203247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.8552138209342957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6282185316085815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.607367753982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.5741828083992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24252448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7573786","display_name":"Sparse PCA","level":3,"score":0.5111351609230042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4975176155567169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.49008452892303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144559511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2986279","display_name":"Principal (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.4699820578098297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777749129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17148469","display_name":"Robust principal component analysis","level":3,"score":0.4268782138824463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42489105463027954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.42416831851005554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3447755","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3447755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":105,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W93530381","https://openalex.org/W593611996","https://openalex.org/W613626279","https://openalex.org/W632665696","https://openalex.org/W1418475881","https://openalex.org/W1493350185","https://openalex.org/W1499170180","https://openalex.org/W1503167101","https://openalex.org/W1567084957","https://openalex.org/W1570448133","https://openalex.org/W1571401318","https://openalex.org/W1574901103","https://openalex.org/W1579462255","https://openalex.org/W1587559447","https://openalex.org/W1588503227","https://openalex.org/W1663973292","https://openalex.org/W1968775580","https://openalex.org/W1975900269","https://openalex.org/W1986202539","https://openalex.org/W1993707319","https://openalex.org/W1996309984","https://openalex.org/W1999935041","https://openalex.org/W2001619934","https://openalex.org/W2002394060","https://openalex.org/W2005070869","https://openalex.org/W2023037133","https://openalex.org/W2025768430","https://openalex.org/W2036887984","https://openalex.org/W2038180527","https://openalex.org/W2048430744","https://openalex.org/W2057197276","https://openalex.org/W2063698478","https://openalex.org/W2089468765","https://openalex.org/W2096335861","https://openalex.org/W2097714737","https://openalex.org/W2102544846","https://openalex.org/W2103525487","https://openalex.org/W2104146802","https://openalex.org/W2110121428","https://openalex.org/W2110327143","https://openalex.org/W2110569316","https://openalex.org/W2111146558","https://openalex.org/W2121451737","https://openalex.org/W2122240803","https://openalex.org/W2122825543","https://openalex.org/W2125027820","https://openalex.org/W2127570755","https://openalex.org/W2128728535","https://openalex.org/W2138451337","https://openalex.org/W2141200867","https://openalex.org/W2141681031","https://openalex.org/W2150926065","https://openalex.org/W2170905369","https://openalex.org/W2171937595","https://openalex.org/W2184660567","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2216160444","https://openalex.org/W2267188141","https://openalex.org/W2294798173","https://openalex.org/W2310245665","https://openalex.org/W2332079529","https://openalex.org/W2478540127","https://openalex.org/W2478708596","https://openalex.org/W2488561715","https://openalex.org/W2492794003","https://openalex.org/W2503629267","https://openalex.org/W2531264786","https://openalex.org/W2555690212","https://openalex.org/W2559655401","https://openalex.org/W2604272474","https://openalex.org/W2751555667","https://openalex.org/W2758890981","https://openalex.org/W2763148304","https://openalex.org/W2783201107","https://openalex.org/W2786672974","https://openalex.org/W2799148064","https://openalex.org/W2964163643","https://openalex.org/W2991679001","https://openalex.org/W3032566083","https://openalex.org/W3100039232","https://openalex.org/W3100598342","https://openalex.org/W3102375613","https://openalex.org/W3105364218","https://openalex.org/W3105728206","https://openalex.org/W3112073073","https://openalex.org/W3120740533","https://openalex.org/W3145755065","https://openalex.org/W3149794337","https://openalex.org/W3151950999","https://openalex.org/W4205999401","https://openalex.org/W4212774754","https://openalex.org/W4212819719","https://openalex.org/W4230724922","https://openalex.org/W4230818032","https://openalex.org/W4233466411","https://openalex.org/W4236463097","https://openalex.org/W4243665538","https://openalex.org/W4244794151","https://openalex.org/W4255405191","https://openalex.org/W4289257140","https://openalex.org/W4296357585","https://openalex.org/W4298304654","https://openalex.org/W4300091548","https://openalex.org/W4302535496","https://openalex.org/W4320005289"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3037121946","https://openalex.org/W4387454008","https://openalex.org/W1995622179","https://openalex.org/W1484111231","https://openalex.org/W1552543208","https://openalex.org/W2074396517","https://openalex.org/W2166963679","https://openalex.org/W2187269125","https://openalex.org/W1641615907","https://openalex.org/W1576424959"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Principal":[0],"component":[1],"analysis":[2],"(PCA)":[3],"is":[4,59,83],"often":[5],"applied":[6],"for":[7,56],"analyzing":[8],"data":[9,36],"in":[10,18,76,92],"the":[11,41,51,78,88],"most":[12,89],"diverse":[13,90],"areas.":[14],"This":[15],"work":[16,82],"reports,":[17],"an":[19],"accessible":[20],"and":[21,26,44,70,94],"integrated":[22],"manner,":[23],"several":[24,62],"theoretical":[25],"practical":[27],"aspects":[28],"of":[29,40,53,80],"PCA.":[30,96],"The":[31],"basic":[32],"principles":[33],"underlying":[34],"PCA,":[35],"standardization,":[37],"possible":[38],"visualizations":[39],"PCA":[42,55],"results,":[43],"outlier":[45],"detection":[46],"are":[47],"subsequently":[48],"addressed.":[49],"Next,":[50],"potential":[52],"using":[54,93],"dimensionality":[57,72],"reduction":[58,73],"illustrated":[60],"on":[61],"real-world":[63],"datasets.":[64],"Finally,":[65],"we":[66],"summarize":[67],"PCA-related":[68],"approaches":[69],"other":[71],"techniques.":[74],"All":[75],"all,":[77],"objective":[79],"this":[81],"to":[84],"assist":[85],"researchers":[86],"from":[87],"areas":[91],"interpreting":[95]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":68},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":186},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":102},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-14T08:36:36.166977","created_date":"2021-06-07T00:00:00"}