{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3170841641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3447548.3467147","title":"Pre-trained Language Model based Ranking in Baidu Search","display_name":"Pre-trained Language Model based Ranking in Baidu Search","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3170841641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3447548.3467147","mag":"3170841641"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3447548.3467147","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3447548.3467147","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 27th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery &amp; Data Mining","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089307887","display_name":"Lixin Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6755-871X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98301712","display_name":"Baidu (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03vs3wt56","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lixin Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baidu Inc., Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baidu Inc., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101688155","display_name":"Shengqiang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0924-4952"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98301712","display_name":"Baidu (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03vs3wt56","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengqiang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baidu Inc., Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baidu Inc., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062665223","display_name":"Hengyi Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7147-5666"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98301712","display_name":"Baidu (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03vs3wt56","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hengyi Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baidu Inc., Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baidu Inc., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073156713","display_name":"Dehong Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2215-5356"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98301712","display_name":"Baidu (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03vs3wt56","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dehong Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baidu Inc., Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baidu Inc., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090159721","display_name":"Suqi Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3622-3399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98301712","display_name":"Baidu (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03vs3wt56","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suqi Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baidu Inc., Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baidu Inc., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050255638","display_name":"Shuaiqiang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9212-1947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98301712","display_name":"Baidu (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03vs3wt56","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuaiqiang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baidu Inc., Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baidu Inc., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008762356","display_name":"Daiting Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4926-3357"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98301712","display_name":"Baidu (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03vs3wt56","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daiting Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baidu Inc., Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baidu Inc., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004991630","display_name":"Zhicong Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6503-4581"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98301712","display_name":"Baidu (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03vs3wt56","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhicong Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baidu Inc., Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baidu Inc., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054482111","display_name":"Dawei Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8846-2001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98301712","display_name":"Baidu (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03vs3wt56","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dawei Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baidu Inc., Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baidu Inc., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.5756,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97199838,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"4014","last_page":"4022"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13274","display_name":"Expert finding and Q&A systems","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8171745538711548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.7155643701553345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.6527210474014282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.6409475803375244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.6097890138626099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.5751947164535522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine","display_name":"Search engine","score":0.5421338081359863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-to-rank","display_name":"Learning to rank","score":0.5418345332145691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine-indexing","display_name":"Search engine indexing","score":0.522984504699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5137389898300171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.478658527135849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metasearch-engine","display_name":"Metasearch engine","score":0.41622859239578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-search-query","display_name":"Web search query","score":0.24217811226844788}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8171745538711548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.7155643701553345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.6527210474014282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.6409475803375244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.6097890138626099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.5751947164535522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97854310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19541","display_name":"Search engine","level":2,"score":0.5421338081359863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86037889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4330127","display_name":"Learning to rank","level":3,"score":0.5418345332145691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75165309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2258979","display_name":"Search engine indexing","level":2,"score":0.522984504699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5137389898300171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.478658527135849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173979980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114106","display_name":"Metasearch engine","level":4,"score":0.41622859239578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164120249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q995982","display_name":"Web search query","level":3,"score":0.24217811226844788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3447548.3467147","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3447548.3467147","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 27th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery &amp; Data Mining","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2007563768","https://openalex.org/W2047221353","https://openalex.org/W2099213975","https://openalex.org/W2131876387","https://openalex.org/W2136189984","https://openalex.org/W2167432060","https://openalex.org/W2513853793","https://openalex.org/W2536015822","https://openalex.org/W2648699835","https://openalex.org/W2963122961","https://openalex.org/W2963842088","https://openalex.org/W2996959725","https://openalex.org/W3021397474","https://openalex.org/W3092952717","https://openalex.org/W3103978933"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W193889389","https://openalex.org/W4206551437","https://openalex.org/W2060088491","https://openalex.org/W4233958997","https://openalex.org/W2603671530","https://openalex.org/W1610765524","https://openalex.org/W2885550273","https://openalex.org/W2010034309","https://openalex.org/W1985042006","https://openalex.org/W2143079043"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,7,44,51,56,69,86,94,109,127,130,160,169,183,188,193,211,231,238,253,258],"heart":[2],"of":[3,60,122,129,149],"a":[4,11,114,120,138,147,177,196,225],"search":[5,47,116,171,259],"engine,":[6],"ranking":[8,31,78,111,123,133,140,233,239],"system":[9,48,79],"plays":[10],"crucial":[12],"role":[13],"in":[14,68,75,153,168],"satisfying":[15],"users'":[16],"information":[17],"demands.":[18],"More":[19],"recently,":[20],"neural":[21,62],"rankers":[22,42],"fine-tuned":[23,132],"from":[24],"pre-trained":[25,163],"language":[26,164],"models":[27],"(PLMs)":[28],"establish":[29],"state-of-the-art":[30,161],"effectiveness.":[32],"However,":[33],"it":[34],"is":[35,103,135],"nontrivial":[36],"to":[37,43,50,180,208,236],"directly":[38],"apply":[39],"these":[40,155],"PLM-based":[41],"large-scale":[45,212],"web":[46,70,184],"due":[49],"following":[52],"challenging":[53],"issues:":[54],"(1)":[55],"prohibitively":[57],"expensive":[58],"computations":[59],"massive":[61],"PLMs,":[63],"especially":[64],"for":[65,107,137,219,230],"long":[66],"texts":[67],"document,":[71],"prohibit":[72],"their":[73],"deployments":[74],"an":[76,205],"online":[77,110,170,232,243,248],"that":[80,98,252],"demands":[81],"extremely":[82],"low":[83],"latency;":[84],"(2)":[85],"discrepancy":[87],"between":[88],"existing":[89],"ranking-agnostic":[90],"pre-training":[91],"objectives":[92],"and":[93,125,186,214,247],"ad-hoc":[95],"retrieval":[96],"scenarios":[97],"demand":[99],"comprehensive":[100],"relevance":[101],"modeling":[102],"another":[104],"main":[105],"barrier":[106],"improving":[108],"system;":[112],"(3)":[113],"real-world":[115],"engine":[117,172],"typically":[118],"involves":[119],"committee":[121],"components,":[124],"thus":[126],"compatibility":[128],"individually":[131],"model":[134],"critical":[136],"cooperative":[139],"system.":[141,173],"In":[142],"this":[143],"work,":[144],"we":[145,203],"contribute":[146],"series":[148],"successfully":[150],"applied":[151],"techniques":[152,255],"tackling":[154],"exposed":[156],"issues":[157],"when":[158],"deploying":[159],"Chinese":[162],"model,":[165],"i.e.,":[166],"ERNIE,":[167],"We":[174,222],"first":[175],"articulate":[176],"novel":[178],"practice":[179],"cost-efficiently":[181],"summarize":[182],"document":[185],"contextualize":[187],"resultant":[189],"summary":[190],"content":[191],"with":[192],"query":[194],"using":[195],"cheap":[197],"yet":[198],"powerful":[199],"Pyramid-ERNIE":[200],"architecture.":[201],"Then":[202],"endow":[204],"innovative":[206],"paradigm":[207],"finely":[209],"exploit":[210],"noisy":[213],"biased":[215],"post-click":[216],"behavioral":[217],"data":[218],"relevance-oriented":[220],"pre-training.":[221],"also":[223],"propose":[224],"human-anchored":[226],"fine-tuning":[227],"strategy":[228],"tailored":[229],"system,":[234],"aiming":[235],"stabilize":[237],"signals":[240],"across":[241],"various":[242],"components.":[244],"Extensive":[245],"offline":[246],"experimental":[249],"results":[250],"show":[251],"proposed":[254],"significantly":[256],"boost":[257],"engine's":[260],"performance.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
