{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3139129328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3447535.3462510","title":"The Rise and Fall of Fake News sites: A Traffic Analysis","display_name":"The Rise and Fall of Fake News sites: A Traffic Analysis","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3139129328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3447535.3462510","mag":"3139129328"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3447535.3462510","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3447535.3462510","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.09258","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046613219","display_name":"Manolis Chalkiadakis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121775","display_name":"FORTH Institute of Computer Science","ror":"https://ror.org/02tf48g55","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121775","https://openalex.org/I8901234"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Manolis Chalkiadakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICS/FORTH, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICS/FORTH, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121775"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025345565","display_name":"Alexandros Kornilakis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121775","display_name":"FORTH Institute of Computer Science","ror":"https://ror.org/02tf48g55","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121775","https://openalex.org/I8901234"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandros Kornilakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICS/FORTH, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICS/FORTH, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121775"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101647298","display_name":"Panagiotis Papadopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1928-6534"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134591","display_name":"Telefonica Research and Development","ror":"https://ror.org/03qgzzb04","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097190","https://openalex.org/I4210134591"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Panagiotis Papadopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telefonica Research, Spain","Telefonica Research,, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telefonica Research, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134591"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telefonica Research,, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134591"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006368259","display_name":"Evangelos P. Markatos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3563-7733"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121775","display_name":"FORTH Institute of Computer Science","ror":"https://ror.org/02tf48g55","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121775","https://openalex.org/I8901234"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evangelos Markatos","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICS/FORTH, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICS/FORTH, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121775"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049671186","display_name":"Nicolas Kourtellis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5674-1698"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134591","display_name":"Telefonica Research and Development","ror":"https://ror.org/03qgzzb04","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097190","https://openalex.org/I4210134591"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicolas Kourtellis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telefonica Research, Spain","Telefonica Research,, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telefonica Research, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134591"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telefonica Research,, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134591"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046613219"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121775"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.138,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83426773,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"168","last_page":"177"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/misinformation","display_name":"Misinformation","score":0.797562837600708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fake-news","display_name":"Fake news","score":0.72216796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5544193387031555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mainstream","display_name":"Mainstream","score":0.5452462434768677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5045040845870972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advertising","display_name":"Advertising","score":0.4474734961986542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.4427638053894043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentiment-analysis","display_name":"Sentiment analysis","score":0.430814653635025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/news-media","display_name":"News media","score":0.4212353527545929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.4175082743167877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2340506613254547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.19266465306282043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.15342092514038086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.08763828873634338}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776990098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13579947","display_name":"Misinformation","level":2,"score":0.797562837600708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779756789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28549308","display_name":"Fake news","level":2,"score":0.72216796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5544193387031555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777617010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18957","display_name":"Mainstream","level":2,"score":0.5452462434768677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5045040845870972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.4474734961986542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.4427638053894043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66402592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271421","display_name":"Sentiment analysis","level":2,"score":0.430814653635025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529147693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193236","display_name":"News media","level":2,"score":0.4212353527545929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.4175082743167877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2340506613254547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.19266465306282043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.15342092514038086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.08763828873634338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3447535.3462510","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3447535.3462510","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2103.09258","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2103.09258","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.09258","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:7925843","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/7925843","pdf_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/7925843","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper"},{"id":"mag:3139129328","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.09258","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2103.09258","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2103.09258","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2103.09258","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2103.09258","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.09258","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7900000214576721,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3418842755","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"830927","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3637623429","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"830927,871793,871370","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4007940461","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"871370","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5456210656","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"690972","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338337","funder_display_name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7331901853","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EU H2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8842009309","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"871793","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338337","display_name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2531862055","https://openalex.org/W2582125352","https://openalex.org/W2617906157","https://openalex.org/W2626653630","https://openalex.org/W2739215991","https://openalex.org/W2742330194","https://openalex.org/W2768092828","https://openalex.org/W2791544114","https://openalex.org/W2798888217","https://openalex.org/W2906971970","https://openalex.org/W2911715381","https://openalex.org/W2941459344","https://openalex.org/W2963361481","https://openalex.org/W2980365090","https://openalex.org/W2980960050","https://openalex.org/W3012855414","https://openalex.org/W3012886049","https://openalex.org/W3023367181","https://openalex.org/W3102867977","https://openalex.org/W3104758113","https://openalex.org/W3105031047","https://openalex.org/W3123437755","https://openalex.org/W3129741204","https://openalex.org/W3176786489","https://openalex.org/W4288281505","https://openalex.org/W4300175397"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3174747313","https://openalex.org/W3090067992","https://openalex.org/W2949397667","https://openalex.org/W3110713756","https://openalex.org/W2810026022","https://openalex.org/W3190263732","https://openalex.org/W2943105737","https://openalex.org/W3159810335","https://openalex.org/W3153567752","https://openalex.org/W3111303119","https://openalex.org/W2973721901","https://openalex.org/W3045833020","https://openalex.org/W3204703756","https://openalex.org/W3020525927","https://openalex.org/W3177394505","https://openalex.org/W2974769378","https://openalex.org/W2909563051","https://openalex.org/W3164490415","https://openalex.org/W3139198096","https://openalex.org/W2962061760"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over":[0],"the":[1,7,12,122],"past":[2,26],"decade,":[3],"we":[4,109,143],"have":[5,28],"witnessed":[6],"rise":[8],"of":[9,20,25,65,113,125,152],"misinformation":[10],"on":[11,140],"Internet,":[13],"with":[14,71],"online":[15,61,123],"users":[16],"constantly":[17],"falling":[18],"victims":[19],"fake":[21,30,54,126,153],"news.":[22],"A":[23],"multitude":[24],"studies":[27],"analyzed":[29],"news":[31,55,104,127,137,154],"diffusion":[32],"mechanics":[33],"and":[34,36,76,129],"detection":[35,151],"mitigation":[37],"techniques.":[38],"However,":[39],"there":[40],"are":[41,53,159],"still":[42],"open":[43],"questions":[44,120],"about":[45],"their":[46,74,89,131],"operational":[47],"behavior":[48,132],"such":[49,68,119],"as:":[50],"How":[51,91],"old":[52],"websites?":[56,105],"Do":[57,67,79],"they":[58,80,96],"typically":[59],"stay":[60],"for":[62,149],"long":[63],"periods":[64],"time?":[66,78,85],"websites":[69,128,155],"synchronize":[70],"each":[72],"other":[73],"up":[75],"down":[77],"share":[81],"similar":[82],"content":[83],"through":[84],"Which":[86],"third-parties":[87],"support":[88],"operations?":[90],"much":[92],"user":[93],"traffic":[94],"do":[95],"attract,":[97],"in":[98,133,163],"comparison":[99,134],"to":[100,117,135],"mainstream":[101],"or":[102],"real":[103,136],"In":[106],"this":[107],"paper,":[108],"perform":[110],"a":[111,145],"first":[112],"its":[114],"kind":[115],"investigation":[116],"answer":[118],"regarding":[121],"presence":[124],"characterize":[130],"websites.":[138],"Based":[139],"our":[141],"findings,":[142],"build":[144],"content-agnostic":[146],"ML":[147],"classifier":[148],"automatic":[150],"(i.e.":[156],"accuracy)":[157],"that":[158],"not":[160],"yet":[161],"included":[162],"manually":[164],"curated":[165],"blacklists.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}