{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3173295992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3447535.3462485","title":"Measuring Digital Literacy with Eye Tracking: An examination of skills and performance based on user gaze","display_name":"Measuring Digital Literacy with Eye Tracking: An examination of skills and performance based on user gaze","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3173295992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3447535.3462485","mag":"3173295992"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3447535.3462485","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3447535.3462485","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074266289","display_name":"Nili Steinfeld","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7857-6059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52170813","display_name":"Ariel University","ror":"https://ror.org/03nz8qe97","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nili Steinfeld","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ariel University, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ariel University, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014471830","display_name":"Azi Lev\u2010On","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0248-9802"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52170813","display_name":"Ariel University","ror":"https://ror.org/03nz8qe97","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azi Lev-On","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ariel University Center, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ariel University Center, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057109192","display_name":"Hama Abu-Kishk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4260-4481"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hama Abu-Kishk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Tel-Aviv University, Israel, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Tel-Aviv University, Israel, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1231,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88565542,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"21","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10355","display_name":"Impact of Technology on Adolescents","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10355","display_name":"Impact of Technology on Adolescents","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12863","display_name":"Web and Library Services","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12028","display_name":"Knowledge Management and Sharing","score":0.9825999736785889,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.8348690271377563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.796303927898407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7820456027984619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.577070415019989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.5374773740768433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3948037326335907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.3673359155654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.34106558561325073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.17960867285728455}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.8348690271377563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.796303927898407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7820456027984619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.577070415019989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.5374773740768433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3948037326335907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3673359155654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.34106558561325073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.17960867285728455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3447535.3462485","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3447535.3462485","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W345479479","https://openalex.org/W401941822","https://openalex.org/W1480569164","https://openalex.org/W1964894031","https://openalex.org/W1966809963","https://openalex.org/W2011826874","https://openalex.org/W2034909568","https://openalex.org/W2039522453","https://openalex.org/W2054995508","https://openalex.org/W2063761201","https://openalex.org/W2081212507","https://openalex.org/W2093142944","https://openalex.org/W2110860733","https://openalex.org/W2149105672","https://openalex.org/W2161655480","https://openalex.org/W2168637053","https://openalex.org/W2326221524","https://openalex.org/W2481293273","https://openalex.org/W2535163083","https://openalex.org/W2604576455","https://openalex.org/W2790338002","https://openalex.org/W2794310369","https://openalex.org/W3080829670","https://openalex.org/W3157348877"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1880689012","https://openalex.org/W3014378845","https://openalex.org/W4240909707","https://openalex.org/W2059546927","https://openalex.org/W3207760378","https://openalex.org/W4386072035","https://openalex.org/W2562758970","https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W4399144619","https://openalex.org/W2012644758"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0],"inequality":[1],"has":[2,19],"been":[3],"intensively":[4],"studied":[5],"in":[6,47,121,133,170,187],"recent":[7],"decades,":[8],"due":[9,37],"to":[10,27,38,112,142],"the":[11,39,95,151,156,166,185],"considerable":[12],"social":[13,35],"significance":[14],"of":[15,31,42,51,83,90,127,130,180],"this":[16,118],"phenomenon.":[17],"Research":[18],"struggled":[20],"with":[21],"finding":[22],"quality":[23],"and":[24,65,79,92,105,148,209],"profound":[25],"ways":[26,189],"measure":[28],"digital":[29,43,52,67,114,128],"literacy":[30],"people":[32],"from":[33],"different":[34],"groups,":[36],"dynamic":[40],"character":[41],"technology,":[44],"which":[45,158],"results":[46],"ever-changing,":[48],"nuanced":[49],"types":[50],"inequality.":[53],"This":[54],"study":[55,126],"proposes":[56],"an":[57,191],"innovative":[58,119],"method":[59],"for":[60,73],"examining":[61],"how":[62],"users":[63,100],"approach":[64],"accomplish":[66],"tasks":[68,146],"by":[69],"introducing":[70],"eye":[71],"tracking":[72,86,206],"measuring":[74],"user":[75,207],"scan":[76],"patterns,":[77],"gaze":[78,208],"attention":[80,91],"during":[81],"completion":[82],"tasks.":[84],"Eye":[85],"as":[87,178,190,202],"a":[88,109,122,134],"measurement":[89],"focus":[93],"reflects":[94],"processes":[96],"that":[97,160],"occur":[98],"while":[99,174],"are":[101,198],"performing":[102],"required":[103],"tasks,":[104],"therefore":[106],"may":[107],"be":[108],"useful":[110],"tool":[111],"comprehend":[113],"literacy.":[115],"We":[116],"apply":[117],"methodology":[120],"repeated":[123],"measures":[124],"observation":[125],"skills":[129,163],"low-skilled":[131],"participants":[132,139],"computer":[135],"introductory":[136],"course.":[137,152],"19":[138],"were":[140],"requested":[141],"perform":[143],"several":[144],"online":[145],"before":[147],"after":[149],"completing":[150],"The":[153],"paper":[154],"describes":[155],"results,":[157],"demonstrate":[159],"although":[161],"participants\u2019":[162],"have":[164],"improved,":[165,201],"improvement":[167],"is":[168],"manifest":[169],"basic,":[171],"trivial":[172],"uses,":[173,176],"advance":[175],"such":[177],"understanding":[179],"efficient":[181],"searching,":[182],"or":[183],"using":[184],"Internet":[186],"sophisticated":[188],"environmental":[192],"resource":[193],"supporting":[194],"one's":[195],"situational":[196],"awareness,":[197],"only":[199],"slightly":[200],"data":[203],"based":[204],"on":[205],"mouse":[210],"movements":[211],"reveals.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
