{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3110764597","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3445814.3446727","title":"Kard: lightweight data race detection with per-thread memory protection","display_name":"Kard: lightweight data race detection with per-thread memory protection","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3110764597","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3445814.3446727","mag":"3110764597"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3445814.3446727","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3445814.3446727","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050354630","display_name":"Adil M. Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3583-4518"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adil Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100330701","display_name":"Sangho Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0412-7768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sangho Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085462459","display_name":"Pedro Fonseca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2480-4487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Fonseca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081545538","display_name":"Byoungyoung Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7746-0572"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Byoungyoung Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seoul National University, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9038,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91327913,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"647","last_page":"660"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7512410879135132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thread","display_name":"Thread (computing)","score":0.6771292686462402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-protection","display_name":"Memory protection","score":0.4929540157318115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.35989058017730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-management","display_name":"Memory management","score":0.21390396356582642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-memory","display_name":"Virtual memory","score":0.18847942352294922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semiconductor-memory","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","score":0.1179056465625763}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7512410879135132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138101251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213092","display_name":"Thread (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6771292686462402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18131444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163585","display_name":"Memory protection","level":5,"score":0.4929540157318115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.35989058017730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176649486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2308807","display_name":"Memory management","level":3,"score":0.21390396356582642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76399640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189401","display_name":"Virtual memory","level":4,"score":0.18847942352294922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98986596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143031","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","level":2,"score":0.1179056465625763}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3445814.3446727","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3445814.3446727","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1048515","https://openalex.org/W178326370","https://openalex.org/W1482769911","https://openalex.org/W1684928007","https://openalex.org/W1972544179","https://openalex.org/W1978905120","https://openalex.org/W2001359464","https://openalex.org/W2025819261","https://openalex.org/W2048118924","https://openalex.org/W2050195061","https://openalex.org/W2067705817","https://openalex.org/W2068530820","https://openalex.org/W2078197548","https://openalex.org/W2084719450","https://openalex.org/W2098005317","https://openalex.org/W2101161997","https://openalex.org/W2103847662","https://openalex.org/W2107529624","https://openalex.org/W2115015193","https://openalex.org/W2121816623","https://openalex.org/W2141975313","https://openalex.org/W2143644287","https://openalex.org/W2144469414","https://openalex.org/W2152777241","https://openalex.org/W2153185479","https://openalex.org/W2155851497","https://openalex.org/W2158437127","https://openalex.org/W2169875292","https://openalex.org/W2297774820","https://openalex.org/W2314450363","https://openalex.org/W2534917055","https://openalex.org/W2577352649","https://openalex.org/W2604695547","https://openalex.org/W2606939423","https://openalex.org/W2612997195","https://openalex.org/W2735704859","https://openalex.org/W2792800398","https://openalex.org/W2897044322","https://openalex.org/W2898125173","https://openalex.org/W2927543040","https://openalex.org/W2947243817","https://openalex.org/W2965588382","https://openalex.org/W2977633660","https://openalex.org/W2979636926","https://openalex.org/W2979880065","https://openalex.org/W3043343008","https://openalex.org/W3102579034","https://openalex.org/W3163863206","https://openalex.org/W4245537216","https://openalex.org/W4246166885","https://openalex.org/W4246263814","https://openalex.org/W4252679689"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Finding":[0],"data":[1,24,32],"race":[2,33],"bugs":[3],"in":[4,61],"multi-threaded":[5],"programs":[6],"has":[7],"proven":[8],"challenging.":[9],"A":[10],"promising":[11],"direction":[12],"is":[13],"to":[14,45,58],"use":[15],"dynamic":[16,31],"detectors":[17],"that":[18],"monitor":[19],"the":[20],"program\u2019s":[21],"execution":[22],"for":[23,38],"races.":[25],"However,":[26],"despite":[27],"extensive":[28],"work":[29],"on":[30],"detection,":[34],"most":[35],"proposed":[36],"systems":[37],"commodity":[39],"hardware":[40],"incur":[41],"prohibitive":[42],"overheads":[43],"due":[44],"expensive":[46],"compiler":[47],"instrumentation":[48],"of":[49],"memory":[50],"accesses;":[51],"hence,":[52],"they":[53],"are":[54],"not":[55],"efficient":[56],"enough":[57],"be":[59],"used":[60],"all":[62],"development":[63],"and":[64],"testing":[65],"settings.":[66]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-02T14:50:37.381335","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}