{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3171880430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3443706","title":"QuadSeal: Quadruple Balancing to Mitigate Power Analysis Attacks with Variability Effects and Electromagnetic Fault Injection Attacks","display_name":"QuadSeal: Quadruple Balancing to Mitigate Power Analysis Attacks with Variability Effects and Electromagnetic Fault Injection Attacks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3171880430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3443706","mag":"3171880430"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3443706","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3443706","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105046310","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","issn_l":"1084-4309","issn":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027719580","display_name":"Darshana Jayasinghe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1910-4048"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Darshana Jayasinghe","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079126989","display_name":"Aleksandar Ignjatovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7427-4934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aleksandar Ignjatovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058096999","display_name":"Roshan Ragel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4511-2335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111199411","display_name":"University of Peradeniya","ror":"https://ror.org/025h79t26","country_code":"LK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111199411"]}],"countries":["LK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roshan Ragel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Peradeniya, Sri lanka"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Peradeniya, Sri lanka","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111199411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056701255","display_name":"Jude Angelo Ambrose","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jude Angelo Ambrose","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seeing Machines, Fyshwick, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seeing Machines, Fyshwick, Australia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030042327","display_name":"Sri Parameswaran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0435-9080"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sri Parameswaran","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.273,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6152068,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"5","first_page":"1","last_page":"36"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9843000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8511303663253784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/countermeasure","display_name":"Countermeasure","score":0.747810423374176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-analysis","display_name":"Power analysis","score":0.732566773891449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ciphertext","display_name":"Ciphertext","score":0.697363018989563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.6799084544181824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-cipher","display_name":"Block cipher","score":0.5583900213241577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamming-distance","display_name":"Hamming distance","score":0.5440130233764648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation-attack","display_name":"Correlation attack","score":0.5277895331382751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5083889365196228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4841495156288147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advanced-encryption-standard","display_name":"Advanced Encryption Standard","score":0.4711248576641083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamming-weight","display_name":"Hamming weight","score":0.46560055017471313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4566754996776581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4557684063911438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.4301590323448181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-injection","display_name":"Fault injection","score":0.42808303236961365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aes-implementations","display_name":"AES implementations","score":0.41521790623664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.39186060428619385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamming-code","display_name":"Hamming code","score":0.37406694889068604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.21175247430801392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.200517475605011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.14234581589698792}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8511303663253784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21593369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1032176","display_name":"Countermeasure","level":2,"score":0.747810423374176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71743495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2845210","display_name":"Power analysis","level":3,"score":0.732566773891449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93974786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1589480","display_name":"Ciphertext","level":3,"score":0.697363018989563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.6799084544181824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106544461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543151","display_name":"Block cipher","level":3,"score":0.5583900213241577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193319292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272172","display_name":"Hamming distance","level":2,"score":0.5440130233764648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120226833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172844","display_name":"Correlation attack","level":4,"score":0.5277895331382751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5083889365196228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4841495156288147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94520183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190746","display_name":"Advanced Encryption Standard","level":3,"score":0.4711248576641083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63361517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5645805","display_name":"Hamming weight","level":5,"score":0.46560055017471313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4566754996776581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4557684063911438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.4301590323448181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775928411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2041312","display_name":"Fault injection","level":3,"score":0.42808303236961365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46331935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4651362","display_name":"AES implementations","level":4,"score":0.41521790623664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.39186060428619385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73150493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853922","display_name":"Hamming code","level":4,"score":0.37406694889068604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.21175247430801392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.200517475605011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.14234581589698792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157125643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q884707","display_name":"Block code","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3443706","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3443706","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105046310","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","issn_l":"1084-4309","issn":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W49529705","https://openalex.org/W1506423869","https://openalex.org/W1548571590","https://openalex.org/W1569380263","https://openalex.org/W1580211761","https://openalex.org/W1734836454","https://openalex.org/W1760668579","https://openalex.org/W1779923173","https://openalex.org/W1790072549","https://openalex.org/W1862426464","https://openalex.org/W2001577466","https://openalex.org/W2026337571","https://openalex.org/W2029191730","https://openalex.org/W2037871282","https://openalex.org/W2039845393","https://openalex.org/W2053832511","https://openalex.org/W2058153458","https://openalex.org/W2058413145","https://openalex.org/W2060618055","https://openalex.org/W2078199274","https://openalex.org/W2091042641","https://openalex.org/W2112571059","https://openalex.org/W2116793614","https://openalex.org/W2118242534","https://openalex.org/W2120562931","https://openalex.org/W2135669462","https://openalex.org/W2137035418","https://openalex.org/W2137226052","https://openalex.org/W2140979409","https://openalex.org/W2144765857","https://openalex.org/W2147273330","https://openalex.org/W2147694198","https://openalex.org/W2149450937","https://openalex.org/W2149767240","https://openalex.org/W2150302545","https://openalex.org/W2151204978","https://openalex.org/W2164584813","https://openalex.org/W2293024421","https://openalex.org/W2295004952","https://openalex.org/W2527193322","https://openalex.org/W2535375934","https://openalex.org/W2582250107","https://openalex.org/W2603794690","https://openalex.org/W2608130414","https://openalex.org/W2612308098","https://openalex.org/W2617458104","https://openalex.org/W2809979774","https://openalex.org/W2949648031","https://openalex.org/W2978725006","https://openalex.org/W3100443344","https://openalex.org/W4205714439"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2384300182","https://openalex.org/W2130011722","https://openalex.org/W4255075415","https://openalex.org/W4382565749","https://openalex.org/W2377834198","https://openalex.org/W2523737168","https://openalex.org/W1508141533","https://openalex.org/W2156466601","https://openalex.org/W2060505199","https://openalex.org/W2785871960"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Side":[0],"channel":[1,8,51,376],"analysis":[2,210,283],"attacks":[3,52,211,254,284,377],"employ":[4],"the":[5,12,20,47,59,85,105,109,116,126,142,145,158,160,178,222,264,300,320,331,339,358,365],"emanated":[6],"side":[7,42,50,375],"information":[9],"to":[10,66,170,176,181,189,193,197,257,293,309,329,351],"deduce":[11],"secret":[13,265,359],"keys":[14,266],"from":[15],"cryptographic":[16],"implementations":[17],"by":[18,125],"analyzing":[19],"power":[21,195,209,273,282,287,321],"traces":[22,274],"during":[23],"execution":[24],"or":[25,36,175,196],"scrutinizing":[26],"faulty":[27,179],"outputs.":[28],"To":[29],"be":[30,190,232],"effective,":[31],"a":[32,62,258],"countermeasure":[33,64,186,236,341],"must":[34],"remove":[35],"conceal":[37],"as":[38,40,67,294],"many":[39,45],"possible":[41],"channels.":[43],"However,":[44],"of":[46,84,119,128,162,214,263,307,323,333,357,372],"countermeasures":[48,224],"against":[49,70,149,167,208,246,345],"are":[53,113,123,390],"applied":[54],"independently.":[55],"In":[56],"this":[57],"article,":[58],"authors":[60],"present":[61],"novel":[63],"(referred":[65,292],"QuadSeal":[68,308,324,340],")":[69],"Power":[71,248],"Analysis":[72,249,348],"Attacks":[73,78,253,349],"and":[74,101,111,115,121,135,153,244,250,261,326,387],"Electromagentic":[75],"Fault":[76,312,347],"Injection":[77,313],"(FIAs),":[79],"which":[80,217],"is":[81,147,165,212,218,237,279,297,364,370],"an":[82],"extension":[83],"work":[86],"proposed":[87,92,185,235],"in":[88,201,304],"Reference":[89],"[27].":[90],"The":[91,184,234],"solution":[93],"relies":[94],"on":[95,108],"algorithmically":[96],"balancing":[97,335],"both":[98],"Hamming":[99,102],"distances":[100],"weights":[103],"(where":[104],"bit":[106],"transitions":[107],"registers":[110,325],"gates":[112,328],"balanced,":[114],"total":[117],"number":[118],"1s":[120],"0s":[122],"balanced)":[124],"use":[127],"four":[129,143,199,305],"identical":[130],"circuits":[131,306],"with":[132,221,342],"differing":[133],"inputs":[134],"modified":[136],"SubByte":[137],"tables.":[138],"By":[139],"randomly":[140],"rotating":[141],"encryptions,":[144],"system":[146],"protected":[148],"variations,":[150,384],"path":[151,385],"imbalances,":[152,386],"aging":[154,388],"effects.":[155],"After":[156],"generating":[157],"ciphertext,":[159],"output":[161],"each":[163,168],"circuit":[164,278,291,344,368],"compared":[166],"other":[169],"detect":[171],"any":[172],"fault":[173],"injections":[174],"correct":[177],"ciphertext":[180],"gain":[182],"reliability.":[183],"allows":[187],"components":[188],"switched":[191],"off":[192],"save":[194],"run":[198],"executions":[200],"parallel":[202],"for":[203,239,281],"high":[204,215],"performance":[205],"when":[206,378],"resistance":[207],"not":[213,219],"priority,":[216],"available":[220],"existing":[223],"(except":[225],"software":[226],"based":[227],"where":[228],"source":[229],"code":[230],"can":[231],"changed).":[233],"implemented":[238],"Advanced":[240],"Encryption":[241],"Standard":[242],"(AES)":[243],"tested":[245,338],"Correlation":[247],"Mutual":[251],"Information":[252],"(for":[255],"up":[256,350],"million":[259,272,353],"traces),":[260],"none":[262],"was":[267],"found":[268],"even":[269],"after":[270],"one":[271,352],"(the":[275],"unprotected":[276],"AES":[277],"vulnerable":[280],"within":[285],"5,000":[286],"traces).":[288],"A":[289],"detection":[290],"C-FIA":[295,343],"circuit)":[296],"operated":[298],"using":[299],"algorithmic":[301],"redundancy":[302],"presented":[303],"mitigate":[310],"Electromagnetic":[311],"Attacks.":[314],"Using":[315],"Synopsys":[316],"PrimeTime,":[317],"we":[318],"measured":[319],"dissipation":[322],"XOR":[327],"test":[330],"effectiveness":[332],"Quadruple":[334],"methodology.":[336],"We":[337],"Differential":[346],"traces;":[354],"no":[355],"bytes":[356],"key":[360],"were":[361],"found.":[362],"This":[363],"smallest":[366],"known":[367],"that":[369],"capable":[371],"withstanding":[373],"power-based":[374],"electromagnetic":[379],"injection":[380],"attack":[381],"resistance,":[382],"process":[383],"effects":[389],"considered.":[391]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}