{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3162223152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3442444","title":"Improving the Quality of FPGA RO-PUF by Principal Component Analysis (PCA)","display_name":"Improving the Quality of FPGA RO-PUF by Principal Component Analysis (PCA)","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3162223152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3442444","mag":"3162223152"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3442444","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3442444","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96198239","display_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","issn_l":"1550-4832","issn":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010076143","display_name":"K. A. Asha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asha K. A.","raw_affiliation_strings":["EECS IGP, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EECS IGP, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015381320","display_name":"Li En Hsu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li En Hsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electronics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061799084","display_name":"Abhishek Patyal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7094-7601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abhishek Patyal","raw_affiliation_strings":["EECS IGP, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EECS IGP, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021615416","display_name":"Hung-Ming Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8173-3131"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hung-Ming Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electronics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9078,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70890356,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12859","display_name":"Cell Image Analysis Techniques","score":0.9684000015258789,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.7976537942886353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.695782482624054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-variation","display_name":"Process variation","score":0.6055106520652771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.5838958621025085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ring-oscillator","display_name":"Ring oscillator","score":0.5219570994377136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-process","display_name":"Stochastic process","score":0.4855079650878906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.47769811749458313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oscillation","display_name":"Oscillation (cell signaling)","score":0.4736774265766144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4732704162597656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-unclonable-function","display_name":"Physical unclonable function","score":0.44821634888648987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3774954080581665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3721435070037842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.35875797271728516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.32674267888069153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.25364524126052856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21659207344055176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.210544615983963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.18613147735595703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.09612804651260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.07445105910301208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.7976537942886353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.695782482624054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93389723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247313","display_name":"Process variation","level":3,"score":0.6055106520652771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.5838958621025085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104111718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2153973","display_name":"Ring oscillator","level":3,"score":0.5219570994377136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8272713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176737","display_name":"Stochastic process","level":2,"score":0.4855079650878906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.47769811749458313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778439541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7106412","display_name":"Oscillation (cell signaling)","level":2,"score":0.4736774265766144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4732704162597656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8643368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4046262","display_name":"Physical unclonable function","level":3,"score":0.44821634888648987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3774954080581665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3721435070037842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.35875797271728516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.32674267888069153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25364524126052856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21659207344055176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.210544615983963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.18613147735595703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.09612804651260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.07445105910301208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3442444","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3442444","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96198239","display_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","issn_l":"1550-4832","issn":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W612784192","https://openalex.org/W1975607764","https://openalex.org/W1995871244","https://openalex.org/W1997453469","https://openalex.org/W2003914688","https://openalex.org/W2022493361","https://openalex.org/W2044139457","https://openalex.org/W2067008732","https://openalex.org/W2079562994","https://openalex.org/W2085829174","https://openalex.org/W2093154965","https://openalex.org/W2093731983","https://openalex.org/W2095522920","https://openalex.org/W2113085740","https://openalex.org/W2116374153","https://openalex.org/W2123482651","https://openalex.org/W2130351941","https://openalex.org/W2134047447","https://openalex.org/W2135064681","https://openalex.org/W2141682861","https://openalex.org/W2148330234","https://openalex.org/W2155142975","https://openalex.org/W2158157835","https://openalex.org/W2164595519","https://openalex.org/W2602816542","https://openalex.org/W2732073075","https://openalex.org/W2900500071","https://openalex.org/W4235881779","https://openalex.org/W4300437800"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2128735154","https://openalex.org/W2333684670","https://openalex.org/W4391377915","https://openalex.org/W4389544506","https://openalex.org/W2126460857","https://openalex.org/W2525030438","https://openalex.org/W2135064681","https://openalex.org/W2004058644","https://openalex.org/W4381744100","https://openalex.org/W2093731983"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ring":[0],"Oscillator":[1],"Physical":[2],"Unclonable":[3],"Functions":[4],"(RO-PUFs)":[5],"exploit":[6],"the":[7,27,46,49,54,68,76,86,96,99,106,121,128,142,155,159,164,177,186,204,207,213,221,227,230,235,241],"inherent":[8],"manufacturing":[9],"process":[10,43,125],"variations,":[11,17],"such":[12],"as":[13],"systematic":[14,34,42,71,124,145,167,238],"and":[15,63,104,146,244],"stochastic":[16,147,162],"to":[18,26,60,91,119,181],"generate":[19],"secret":[20],"PUF":[21,50,58],"responses":[22,100],"that":[23,88,215],"are":[24,31,81,89,102,115,216],"unique":[25],"device.":[28,152],"Stochastic":[29],"variations":[30],"random,":[32],"while":[33],"variation":[35,44,72,126,148,168,239],"exhibits":[36],"a":[37,57,117,151,194],"strong":[38],"spatial":[39],"correlation.":[40],"Therefore,":[41],"reduces":[45],"randomness":[47],"of":[48,56,70,123,144,161,166,179,197,206,229,237],"response.":[51],"This":[52],"lowers":[53],"ability":[55,228],"response":[59],"uniquely":[61],"identify":[62],"authenticate":[64],"individual":[65],"devices.":[66],"Further,":[67],"impact":[69,122,165,236],"is":[73,191],"paramount":[74],"when":[75],"two":[77],"ROs":[78,87,180,214],"in":[79,158,233],"comparison":[80],"placed":[82,217],"far":[83,218],"apart.":[84],"Comparing":[85],"close":[90,182],"each":[92],"other":[93],"does":[94],"improve":[95],"randomness,":[97],"but":[98],"generated":[101],"unreliable":[103],"limiting":[105],"possible":[107,187],"Challenge-Response":[108],"Pairs":[109],"(CRPs).":[110],"In":[111],"this":[112],"article,":[113],"we":[114,210],"proposing":[116],"method":[118,174,190,232],"reduce":[120],"on":[127,150,193,220,240],"RO":[129],"oscillation":[130,156,242],"frequencies":[131,157,243],"by":[132],"using":[133],"Principal":[134,138],"Component":[135],"Analysis":[136],"(PCA).":[137],"Components":[139],"(PCs)":[140],"model":[141],"directions":[143],"present":[149],"By":[153],"projecting":[154],"direction":[160],"variation,":[163],"can":[169],"be":[170],"reduced.":[171],"Our":[172],"proposed":[173,208,231],"neither":[175],"restricts":[176],"placement":[178],"groups":[183],"nor":[184],"limits":[185],"CRPs.":[188],"The":[189],"evaluated":[192],"large":[195],"population":[196],"218":[198],"Xilinx":[199],"Artix-7":[200],"FPGAs.":[201],"To":[202],"evaluate":[203],"efficiency":[205],"method,":[209],"purposely":[211],"paired":[212],"apart":[219],"FPGA":[222],"fabric.":[223],"Results":[224],"obtained":[225],"prove":[226],"removing":[234],"thereby":[245],"producing":[246],"truly":[247],"random":[248],"responses.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}