{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3112631383","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3442322.3442324","title":"The Expressive Power of Graph Neural Networks as a Query Language","display_name":"The Expressive Power of Graph Neural Networks as a Query Language","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3112631383","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3442322.3442324","mag":"3112631383"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3442322.3442324","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3442322.3442324","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S47508943","display_name":"ACM SIGMOD Record","issn_l":"0163-5808","issn":["0163-5808","1943-5835"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGMOD Record","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/180430","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051683347","display_name":"Pablo Barcel\u00f3","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2293-2653"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162148367","display_name":"Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile","ror":"https://ror.org/04teye511","country_code":"CL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162148367"]}],"countries":["CL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pablo Barcel\u00f3","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162148367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071446856","display_name":"Egor V. Kostylev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8886-6129"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Egor V. Kostylev","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090784335","display_name":"Mika\u00ebl Monet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6158-4607"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mika\u00ebl Monet","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMFD Chile"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMFD Chile","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058133910","display_name":"Jorge Eduardo P\u00e9rez P\u00e9rez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1182-7869"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69737025","display_name":"University of Chile","ror":"https://ror.org/047gc3g35","country_code":"CL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69737025"]}],"countries":["CL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jorge P\u00e9rez","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chile"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chile","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69737025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000893188","display_name":"Juan L. Reutter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2186-0312"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162148367","display_name":"Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile","ror":"https://ror.org/04teye511","country_code":"CL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162148367"]}],"countries":["CL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan L. Reutter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162148367"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052476187","display_name":"Juan-Pablo Silva","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan-Pablo Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["DCC, UChile"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DCC, UChile","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051683347"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162148367"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.496,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86786685,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"2","first_page":"6","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8303120136260986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unary-operation","display_name":"Unary operation","score":0.8097678422927856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expressive-power","display_name":"Expressive power","score":0.6179168820381165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-isomorphism","display_name":"Graph isomorphism","score":0.544981837272644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.5434664487838745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.5345467925071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4917066693305969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.46590787172317505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fragment","display_name":"Fragment (logic)","score":0.4368829131126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.320758581161499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2478226125240326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.17626076936721802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line-graph","display_name":"Line graph","score":0.15345823764801025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1052125096321106}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8303120136260986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78023250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657596","display_name":"Unary operation","level":2,"score":0.8097678422927856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195818886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421724","display_name":"Expressive power","level":2,"score":0.6179168820381165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61665672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q303100","display_name":"Graph isomorphism","level":4,"score":0.544981837272644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5434664487838745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5345467925071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4917066693305969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.46590787172317505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776235265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18392052","display_name":"Fragment (logic)","level":2,"score":0.4368829131126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.320758581161499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2478226125240326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.17626076936721802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203776342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1378376","display_name":"Line graph","level":3,"score":0.15345823764801025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1052125096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3442322.3442324","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3442322.3442324","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S47508943","display_name":"ACM SIGMOD Record","issn_l":"0163-5808","issn":["0163-5808","1943-5835"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGMOD Record","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorio.uchile.cl:2250/180430","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/180430","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306481413","display_name":"Universidad de Chile","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SIGMOD Record","raw_type":"Art\u00edculo de revista"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorio.uchile.cl:2250/191098","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/191098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306481413","display_name":"Universidad de Chile","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SIGMOD Record","raw_type":"Art\u00edculo de revista"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorio.uchile.cl:2250/180430","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/180430","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306481413","display_name":"Universidad de Chile","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SIGMOD Record","raw_type":"Art\u00edculo de revista"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.550000011920929,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1500756507","https://openalex.org/W1542111937","https://openalex.org/W1555563750","https://openalex.org/W2059052871","https://openalex.org/W2086789804","https://openalex.org/W2116341502","https://openalex.org/W2167608641","https://openalex.org/W2248098515","https://openalex.org/W2519887557","https://openalex.org/W2560674852","https://openalex.org/W2604314403","https://openalex.org/W2610932619","https://openalex.org/W2624431344","https://openalex.org/W2735272571","https://openalex.org/W2770406504","https://openalex.org/W2805516822","https://openalex.org/W2902538158","https://openalex.org/W2911529331","https://openalex.org/W2918342466","https://openalex.org/W2944538680","https://openalex.org/W2946061017","https://openalex.org/W2952254971","https://openalex.org/W2952575904","https://openalex.org/W2962711740","https://openalex.org/W2962810718","https://openalex.org/W2962941647","https://openalex.org/W2963125544","https://openalex.org/W2970112606","https://openalex.org/W2970493342","https://openalex.org/W2972622742","https://openalex.org/W2977638645","https://openalex.org/W2996471083","https://openalex.org/W3102677305","https://openalex.org/W4288347098","https://openalex.org/W6762453230","https://openalex.org/W6763057493","https://openalex.org/W6912992434"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2888918612","https://openalex.org/W2166285859","https://openalex.org/W3148597776","https://openalex.org/W2091346931","https://openalex.org/W1545660605","https://openalex.org/W1505156281","https://openalex.org/W2970482593","https://openalex.org/W2960216239","https://openalex.org/W4288282901","https://openalex.org/W3042133669"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,92],"paper":[2],"we":[3,94,105],"survey":[4],"our":[5,237],"recent":[6],"results":[7],"characterizing":[8],"various":[9],"graph":[10,62,117],"neural":[11],"network":[12],"(GNN)":[13],"architectures":[14],"in":[15,85,108,115,120,152,157,167,211,218,258],"terms":[16,86,212,219],"of":[17,43,87,102,112,128,213,220,266],"their":[18],"ability":[19,68],"to":[20,56,125,160,174,185,188,199,246,250,256,264],"classify":[21],"nodes":[22,73],"over":[23],"graphs,":[24],"for":[25,60,71,182,190],"classifiers":[26],"based":[27],"on":[28,36,74,242],"unary":[29,135],"logical":[30],"formulas-":[31],"or":[32],"queries.":[33],"We":[34,76,131,179,194,225,231],"focus":[35],"the":[37,50,66,78,110,126,134,206],"language":[38],"FOC2,":[39],"a":[40,98,116,221],"well-studied":[41],"fragment":[42],"FO.":[44],"This":[45,164],"choice":[46],"is":[47,54],"motivated":[48],"by":[49,96,142,239],"fact":[51],"that":[52,133,138,148,169,196,235],"FOC2":[53,82,136,177,247],"related":[55],"theWeisfeiler-Lehman":[57],"(WL)":[58],"test":[59],"checking":[61],"isomorphism,":[63],"which":[64,104,109,156,203],"has":[65],"same":[67],"as":[69],"GNNs":[70,84,227],"distinguishing":[72],"graphs.":[75],"unveil":[77],"exact":[79],"relationship":[80],"between":[81],"and":[83],"node":[88,114,207],"classification.":[89],"To":[90],"tackle":[91],"problem,":[93],"start":[95],"studying":[97],"popular":[99],"basic":[100],"class":[101],"GNNs,":[103],"call":[106,226],"AC-GNNs,":[107],"features":[111,127,208],"each":[113],"are":[118,145,171],"updated,":[119],"successive":[121],"layers,":[122,202],"according":[123],"only":[124,210],"its":[129,153,214],"neighbors.":[130],"prove":[132],"formulas":[137],"can":[139,149,261],"be":[140,150,186],"captured":[141],"an":[143],"AC-GNN":[144],"exactly":[146],"those":[147],"expressed":[151],"guarded":[154],"fragment,":[155],"turn":[158],"corresponds":[159],"graded":[161,251],"modal":[162,252],"logic.":[163],"result":[165],"implies":[166],"particular":[168],"ACGNNs":[170],"too":[172],"weak":[173],"capture":[175],"all":[176,192],"formulas.":[178],"then":[180],"seek":[181],"what":[183],"needs":[184],"added":[187],"AC-GNNs":[189,254],"capturing":[191],"FOC2.":[193],"show":[195],"it":[197],"suffices":[198],"add":[200],"readouts":[201,229],"allow":[204],"updating":[205],"not":[209,249,268],"neighbors,":[215],"but":[216,248],"also":[217,232],"global":[222],"attribute":[223],"vector.":[224],"with":[228],"ACR-GNNs.":[230],"describe":[233],"experiments":[234],"validate":[236],"findings":[238],"showing":[240],"that,":[241],"synthetic":[243],"data":[244],"conforming":[245],"logic,":[253],"struggle":[255],"fit":[257],"while":[259],"ACR-GNNs":[260],"generalise":[262],"even":[263],"graphs":[265],"sizes":[267],"seen":[269],"during":[270],"training.":[271]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}