{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3096290781","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445936","title":"On the Moral Justification of Statistical Parity","display_name":"On the Moral Justification of Statistical Parity","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3096290781","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445936","mag":"3096290781"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3442188.3445936","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445936","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.02079","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070043019","display_name":"Corinna Hertweck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7639-2771"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I858936495","display_name":"ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05pmsvm27","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Corinna Hertweck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zurich University of Applied Sciences, University of Zurich"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zurich University of Applied Sciences, University of Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423","https://openalex.org/I858936495"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036601212","display_name":"Christoph Heitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6683-4150"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I858936495","display_name":"ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05pmsvm27","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Heitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zurich University of Applied Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zurich University of Applied Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I858936495"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051693305","display_name":"Michele Loi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7053-4724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michele Loi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Zurich"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.2586,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97699758,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"747","last_page":"757"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9639999866485596,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12520","display_name":"Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment","score":0.958299994468689,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterexample","display_name":"Counterexample","score":0.7025139331817627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extension","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","score":0.6490732431411743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/morality","display_name":"Morality","score":0.6295455694198608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5520694851875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/independence","display_name":"Independence (probability theory)","score":0.5469087958335876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5118309855461121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parity","display_name":"Parity (physics)","score":0.4871525466442108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.467987060546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.4570401608943939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-economics","display_name":"Mathematical economics","score":0.4166207015514374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-hypothesis-testing","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","score":0.41103655099868774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.38703763484954834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.32814374566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.305031418800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.22579151391983032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22505316138267517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.2204766571521759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.11632290482521057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.08678892254829407}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162838799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q596077","display_name":"Counterexample","level":2,"score":0.7025139331817627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778029271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421931","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","level":2,"score":0.6490732431411743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200113983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48324","display_name":"Morality","level":2,"score":0.6295455694198608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5520694851875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35651441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625303","display_name":"Independence (probability theory)","level":2,"score":0.5469087958335876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5118309855461121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777151079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141160","display_name":"Parity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4871525466442108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.467987060546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4570401608943939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.4166207015514374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.41103655099868774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.38703763484954834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.32814374566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.305031418800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.22579151391983032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22505316138267517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.2204766571521759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.11632290482521057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.08678892254829407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109214941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18334","display_name":"Particle physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3442188.3445936","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445936","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2011.02079","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2011.02079","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.02079","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcollection.zhaw.ch:11475/21961","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11475/21961","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401811","display_name":"Z\u00fcrcher Hochschule f\u00fcr Angewandte Wissenschaften digital collection (Zurich University of Applied Sciences)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200744771","host_organization_name":"ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200744771"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2011.02079","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2011.02079","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.02079","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6000000238418579}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2970878654","display_name":"Socially acceptable AI and fairness trade-offs in predictive analytics","funder_award_id":"187473","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","funder_display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G677444923","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRP77","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","funder_display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/00yjd3n13"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W164240929","https://openalex.org/W631093877","https://openalex.org/W1511477367","https://openalex.org/W1513546476","https://openalex.org/W1961345416","https://openalex.org/W1966340639","https://openalex.org/W1970380565","https://openalex.org/W1977578104","https://openalex.org/W2008753627","https://openalex.org/W2026019770","https://openalex.org/W2079958216","https://openalex.org/W2095523951","https://openalex.org/W2100960835","https://openalex.org/W2114512636","https://openalex.org/W2116666691","https://openalex.org/W2163625011","https://openalex.org/W2167644634","https://openalex.org/W2273796560","https://openalex.org/W2522104760","https://openalex.org/W2524301210","https://openalex.org/W2584805976","https://openalex.org/W2683970483","https://openalex.org/W2739203562","https://openalex.org/W2771421168","https://openalex.org/W2776086857","https://openalex.org/W2809878087","https://openalex.org/W2881747041","https://openalex.org/W2895471314","https://openalex.org/W2900885930","https://openalex.org/W2963636167","https://openalex.org/W2963934714","https://openalex.org/W2964031043","https://openalex.org/W2964675004","https://openalex.org/W2969896603","https://openalex.org/W2982435932","https://openalex.org/W2985745615","https://openalex.org/W3001553940","https://openalex.org/W3013300757","https://openalex.org/W3092143968","https://openalex.org/W3101206394","https://openalex.org/W3121221306","https://openalex.org/W3122172215","https://openalex.org/W3152436735","https://openalex.org/W3181414820","https://openalex.org/W4229648554","https://openalex.org/W4236373558","https://openalex.org/W4255166593","https://openalex.org/W4255235611","https://openalex.org/W4288083801","https://openalex.org/W4289438483"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2349952486","https://openalex.org/W1489260687","https://openalex.org/W2775700832","https://openalex.org/W2587222766","https://openalex.org/W3204670144","https://openalex.org/W2163101548","https://openalex.org/W1988934358","https://openalex.org/W4389574038","https://openalex.org/W4293643564","https://openalex.org/W4387718369"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"crucial":[1],"but":[2],"often":[3],"neglected":[4],"aspect":[5],"of":[6,12,66,110,116,153,186,203],"algorithmic":[7],"fairness":[8,19,26,64],"is":[9,54,128,177],"the":[10,42,46,57,62,79,104,108,184,201,206],"question":[11,185],"how":[13],"we":[14,73,172],"justify":[15],"enforcing":[16],"a":[17,22],"certain":[18],"metric":[20,47],"from":[21],"moral":[23,43,58,126],"perspective.":[24],"When":[25],"metrics":[27],"are":[28,31,41,151,160],"proposed,":[29],"they":[30],"typically":[32],"argued":[33],"for":[34,102],"by":[35,96,162,198],"highlighting":[36],"their":[37],"mathematical":[38],"properties.":[39],"Rarely":[40],"assumptions":[44,106],"beneath":[45],"explained.":[48],"Our":[49],"aim":[50],"in":[51,107,140,205],"this":[52,71,117,175],"paper":[53],"to":[55,132],"consider":[56,74],"aspects":[59],"associated":[60],"with":[61],"statistical":[63],"criterion":[65],"independence":[67,130,188],"(statistical":[68],"parity).":[69],"To":[70],"end,":[72],"previous":[75],"work,":[76,118],"which":[77,119],"discusses":[78],"two":[80,170],"worldviews":[81],"\"What":[82],"You":[83,87],"See":[84],"Is":[85],"What":[86],"Get\"":[88],"(WYSIWYG)":[89],"and":[90,95,136,147],"\"We're":[91],"All":[92],"Equal\"":[93],"(WAE)":[94],"doing":[97],"so":[98],"provides":[99],"some":[100],"guidance":[101],"clarifying":[103],"possible":[105],"design":[109],"algorithms.":[111],"We":[112],"present":[113],"an":[114],"extension":[115,127,176],"centers":[120],"on":[121],"morality.":[122],"The":[123],"most":[124],"natural":[125],"that":[129,174,183],"needs":[131],"be":[133,190,195],"fulfilled":[134],"if":[135,138],"only":[137,199],"differences":[139,204],"predictive":[141,152,207],"features":[142],"(e.g.":[143],"high":[144],"school":[145],"grades":[146],"standardized":[148],"test":[149],"scores":[150],"performance":[154],"at":[155],"university)":[156],"between":[157],"socio-demographic":[158],"groups":[159],"caused":[161],"unjust":[163],"social":[164],"disparities":[165],"or":[166,192],"measurement":[167],"errors.":[168],"Through":[169],"counterexamples,":[171],"demonstrate":[173],"not":[178,193],"universally":[179],"true.":[180],"This":[181],"means":[182],"whether":[187],"should":[189],"used":[191],"cannot":[194],"satisfactorily":[196],"answered":[197],"considering":[200],"justness":[202],"features.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-15T07:11:24.734988","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
