{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2995006168","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445901","title":"Measurement and Fairness","display_name":"Measurement and Fairness","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2995006168","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445901","mag":"2995006168"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3442188.3445901","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445901","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3442188.3445901","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3442188.3445901","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Abigail Z. Jacobs","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abigail Z. Jacobs","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hanna Wallach","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanna Wallach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":29.4857,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":187,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9973822,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"375","last_page":"385"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13051","display_name":"Qualitative Comparative Analysis Research","score":0.9660000205039978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9635000228881836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unobservable","display_name":"Unobservable","score":0.9549000263214111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.8324999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operationalization","display_name":"Operationalization","score":0.7537999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","score":0.6392999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.6000999808311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.48429998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct-validity","display_name":"Construct validity","score":0.40639999508857727}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780695315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3799040","display_name":"Unobservable","level":2,"score":0.9549000263214111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.8324999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9354725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286017","display_name":"Operationalization","level":2,"score":0.7537999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.6392999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6000999808311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.48429998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4291999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.4106000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49453240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1592163","display_name":"Construct validity","level":3,"score":0.40639999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43091099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1067788","display_name":"Through-the-lens metering","level":3,"score":0.387800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.38769999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.37610000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.32919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32848918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845789","display_name":"Observable","level":2,"score":0.32409998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.313400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118084267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110","display_name":"Positive economics","level":1,"score":0.2973000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.29429998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66024118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122506","display_name":"Computational model","level":2,"score":0.2720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.2619999945163727}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3442188.3445901","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445901","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3442188.3445901","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1912.05511","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.05511","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.05511","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3442188.3445901","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445901","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3442188.3445901","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2995006168.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2995006168.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1533893528","https://openalex.org/W2113233414","https://openalex.org/W2117868896","https://openalex.org/W2142189376","https://openalex.org/W2144874182","https://openalex.org/W2529251251","https://openalex.org/W2548581653","https://openalex.org/W2550898138","https://openalex.org/W2563852449","https://openalex.org/W2584805976","https://openalex.org/W2599025709","https://openalex.org/W2610886376","https://openalex.org/W2740983644","https://openalex.org/W2793708492","https://openalex.org/W2899136066","https://openalex.org/W2901856814","https://openalex.org/W2909848256","https://openalex.org/W2910548926","https://openalex.org/W2964031043","https://openalex.org/W2992319600","https://openalex.org/W3004155201","https://openalex.org/W3017013210","https://openalex.org/W3103737815","https://openalex.org/W4251019293"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,93,115,178,196,227],"propose":[1],"measurement":[2,65,137,230],"modeling":[3,231],"from":[4,46,155],"the":[5,75,80,84,98,102,134,239],"quantitative":[6],"social":[7],"sciences":[8],"as":[9,26],"a":[10,64,163,234],"framework":[11,235],"for":[12,77,167,236],"understanding":[13,82],"fairness":[14,105,182,205],"in":[15,101,106,127,193,218],"computational":[16,107],"systems.":[17],"Computational":[18],"systems":[19,108],"often":[20],"involve":[21],"unobservable":[22,53],"theoretical":[23,54,81,191,223],"constructs,":[24],"such":[25,113],"socioeconomic":[27],"status,":[28],"teacher":[29],"effectiveness,":[30],"and":[31,41,90,149,159,161,170,175],"risk":[32],"of":[33,48,83,97,112,119,136,146,165,225,241],"recidivism.":[34],"Such":[35],"constructs":[36,174],"cannot":[37],"be":[38,44,58,88,212],"measured":[39,89],"directly":[40],"must":[42],"instead":[43],"inferred":[45],"measurements":[47],"observable":[49],"properties":[50],"(and":[51],"other":[52],"constructs)":[55],"thought":[56],"to":[57,60,87,181,211,238],"related":[59],"them---i.e.,":[61],"operationalized":[62],"via":[63],"model.":[66],"This":[67],"process,":[68],"which":[69],"necessarily":[70],"involves":[71],"making":[72,168],"assumptions,":[73],"introduces":[74],"potential":[76],"mismatches":[78],"between":[79],"construct":[85,147,150,187],"purported":[86],"its":[91],"operationalization.":[92],"argue":[94,197],"that":[95,152,188,198],"many":[96],"harms":[99,121],"discussed":[100],"literature":[103],"on":[104],"are":[109],"direct":[110],"results":[111],"mismatches.":[114],"show":[116,228],"how":[117,229],"some":[118,128],"these":[120,208,242],"could":[122],"have":[123],"been":[124],"anticipated":[125],"and,":[126],"cases,":[129],"mitigated":[130],"if":[131],"viewed":[132],"through":[133],"lens":[135],"modeling.":[138],"To":[139],"do":[140],"this,":[141],"we":[142],"contribute":[143],"fairness-oriented":[144],"conceptualizations":[145],"reliability":[148],"validity":[151],"unite":[153],"traditions":[154],"political":[156],"science,":[157],"education,":[158],"psychology":[160],"provide":[162,233],"set":[164],"tools":[166],"explicit":[169],"testing":[171],"assumptions":[172],"about":[173,204,213,221],"their":[176],"operationalizations.":[177],"then":[179],"turn":[180],"itself,":[183],"an":[184],"essentially":[185],"contested":[186],"has":[189],"different":[190,194,214,222],"understandings":[192,224],"contexts.":[195],"this":[199],"contestedness":[200],"underlies":[201],"recent":[202],"debates":[203,209,220],"definitions:":[206],"although":[207],"appear":[210],"operationalizations,":[215],"they":[216],"are,":[217],"fact,":[219],"fairness.":[226],"can":[232],"getting":[237],"core":[240],"debates.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2019-12-26T00:00:00"}