{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3127087316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3442167.3442174","title":"Out of Sight, Out of Mind: UI Design and the Inhibition of Mental Models of Security","display_name":"Out of Sight, Out of Mind: UI Design and the Inhibition of Mental Models of Security","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3127087316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3442167.3442174","mag":"3127087316"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3442167.3442174","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3442167.3442174","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Security Paradigms Workshop 2020","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012335680","display_name":"Eric Spero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9130-2148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Spero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carleton University, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carleton University, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010995209","display_name":"Robert Biddle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5971-2705"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Biddle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carleton University, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carleton University, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"127","last_page":"143"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9562000036239624,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12268","display_name":"Deception detection and forensic psychology","score":0.9351999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7279727458953857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safer","display_name":"SAFER","score":0.6812286972999573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5691257119178772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sight","display_name":"Sight","score":0.5525609254837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logical-security","display_name":"Logical security","score":0.5462568998336792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/threat-model","display_name":"Threat model","score":0.5363963842391968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-through-obscurity","display_name":"Security through obscurity","score":0.496966153383255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visibility","display_name":"Visibility","score":0.49367865920066833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.47896984219551086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-computer-interaction-in-information-security","display_name":"Human-computer interaction in information security","score":0.4733208119869232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security-model","display_name":"Computer security model","score":0.47009536623954773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-security-assurance","display_name":"Software security assurance","score":0.46788233518600464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4648650288581848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.4443674385547638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-model","display_name":"Mental model","score":0.4203081727027893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-security","display_name":"Information security","score":0.40460944175720215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-information-and-event-management","display_name":"Security information and event management","score":0.3561773896217346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing-security","display_name":"Cloud computing security","score":0.2340559959411621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-service","display_name":"Security service","score":0.20724794268608093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.09372037649154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.09297144412994385}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7279727458953857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776654903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2601463","display_name":"SAFER","level":2,"score":0.6812286972999573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5691257119178772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1517167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134322","display_name":"Sight","level":2,"score":0.5525609254837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178639896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q604035","display_name":"Logical security","level":5,"score":0.5462568998336792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140547941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7797194","display_name":"Threat model","level":2,"score":0.5363963842391968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114869243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133735","display_name":"Security through obscurity","level":5,"score":0.496966153383255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.49367865920066833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.47896984219551086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6353995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027910","display_name":"Human-computer interaction in information security","level":5,"score":0.4733208119869232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121822524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157582","display_name":"Computer security model","level":2,"score":0.47009536623954773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62913178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554361","display_name":"Software security assurance","level":4,"score":0.46788233518600464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4648650288581848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.4443674385547638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982912361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1851867","display_name":"Mental model","level":2,"score":0.4203081727027893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.40460944175720215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103377522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493999","display_name":"Security information and event management","level":4,"score":0.3561773896217346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184842701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370563","display_name":"Cloud computing security","level":3,"score":0.2340559959411621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29983905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445066","display_name":"Security service","level":3,"score":0.20724794268608093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.09372037649154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.09297144412994385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3442167.3442174","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3442167.3442174","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Security Paradigms Workshop 2020","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.46000000834465027}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W84489289","https://openalex.org/W1423289060","https://openalex.org/W1463518955","https://openalex.org/W1485200701","https://openalex.org/W1521539325","https://openalex.org/W1944720853","https://openalex.org/W1964154990","https://openalex.org/W1971295515","https://openalex.org/W1972586294","https://openalex.org/W1984456545","https://openalex.org/W1994925058","https://openalex.org/W2022302485","https://openalex.org/W2032152873","https://openalex.org/W2039986066","https://openalex.org/W2070801556","https://openalex.org/W2099387734","https://openalex.org/W2099536489","https://openalex.org/W2112383856","https://openalex.org/W2150375089","https://openalex.org/W2163322071","https://openalex.org/W2611101500","https://openalex.org/W2613049552","https://openalex.org/W2753741977","https://openalex.org/W2800459663","https://openalex.org/W2887946565","https://openalex.org/W2948466809","https://openalex.org/W2989664667","https://openalex.org/W3000167253","https://openalex.org/W3003545752","https://openalex.org/W3012221366","https://openalex.org/W3018237385","https://openalex.org/W3031752541","https://openalex.org/W3113283369","https://openalex.org/W4247666820","https://openalex.org/W4298051233"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2144999294","https://openalex.org/W2551754115","https://openalex.org/W2292825069","https://openalex.org/W2746315501","https://openalex.org/W4246260421","https://openalex.org/W2799534496","https://openalex.org/W2791304799","https://openalex.org/W2044865678","https://openalex.org/W1523444877","https://openalex.org/W2553295645"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,112,192],"paper":[2],"we":[3],"make":[4,30,140],"the":[5,19,71,74,84,88,99,108,117,124,152,163,178],"case":[6],"that":[7,32,37,62,92,133,144],"UI":[8,188],"design":[9,189],"inhibits":[10],"mental":[11,40,170],"models":[12,57,91],"of":[13,18,22,42,58,73,90,119,127,154],"security":[14,35,79,179],"by":[15],"concealing":[16,78],"most":[17],"security-relevant":[20,125],"aspects":[21,126],"software":[23,43,128,149],"functionality.":[24],"Users":[25],"are":[26,49,103],"frequently":[27],"required":[28],"to":[29,45,105,139,157],"decisions":[31],"have":[33,63],"important":[34],"implications,":[36],"requires":[38],"a":[39,131],"model":[41],"infrastructure":[44],"know":[46],"what":[47,59],"actions":[48],"\u2018safe\u2019":[50],"versus":[51],"\u2018unsafe\u2019.":[52],"People":[53],"build":[54],"internal":[55],"causal":[56],"they":[60],"experience":[61],"explanatory":[64],"and":[65,68,97,166,182],"predictive":[66],"power,":[67],"therefore":[69],"form":[70],"basis":[72],"decision-making":[75],"faculty.":[76],"By":[77],"information,":[80],"user":[81,85],"interfaces":[82],"hinder":[83],"from":[86],"building":[87],"kinds":[89],"will":[93,110,136],"keep":[94],"them":[95],"safer,":[96],"only":[98],"small":[100],"minority":[101],"who":[102],"willing":[104],"go":[106],"beyond":[107],"interface":[109],"acquire":[111],"knowledge.":[113],"We":[114,161],"suggest":[115],"increasing":[116],"visibility":[118],"some":[120],"essential":[121],"information":[122],"about":[123],"functionality":[129],"in":[130],"way":[132],"ordinary":[134],"users":[135],"be":[137],"able":[138],"sense":[141],"of,":[142],"so":[143],"through":[145],"normal":[146],"interactions":[147],"with":[148],"everyone":[150],"develops":[151],"kind":[153],"knowledge":[155],"needed":[156],"better":[158],"support":[159],"security.":[160],"review":[162],"cognitive":[164],"science":[165],"cybersecurity":[167],"literature":[168],"on":[169],"models,":[171],"present":[172,183],"three":[173],"\u2018case":[174],"studies\u2019":[175],"which":[176],"embody":[177],"concealment":[180],"problem,":[181],"preliminary":[184],"suggestions":[185],"for":[186],"how":[187],"might":[190],"amend":[191],"problem.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}