{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3126212707","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3441830","title":"GRAM","display_name":"GRAM","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3126212707","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3441830","mag":"3126212707"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3441830","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3441830","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3441830","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26056741","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","issn_l":"1544-3566","issn":["1544-3566","1544-3973"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3441830","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065637540","display_name":"Nhut-Minh Ho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3864-8027"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nhut-Minh Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063592815","display_name":"Himeshi De Silva","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Himeshi De silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023989495","display_name":"Weng\u2010Fai Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4281-2053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weng-Fai Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065637540"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6277,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85366289,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"24"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11697","display_name":"Numerical Methods and Algorithms","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11697","display_name":"Numerical Methods and Algorithms","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6465135812759399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gram","display_name":"Gram","score":0.6125636100769043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.49163132905960083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4417261481285095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cuda","display_name":"CUDA","score":0.4139300584793091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.40733984112739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.3670998811721802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.27630841732025146}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6465135812759399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161369605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41803","display_name":"Gram","level":3,"score":0.6125636100769043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.49163132905960083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4417261481285095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778119891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477690","display_name":"CUDA","level":2,"score":0.4139300584793091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.40733984112739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.3670998811721802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27630841732025146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523546767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876","display_name":"Bacteria","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3441830","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3441830","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3441830","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26056741","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","issn_l":"1544-3566","issn":["1544-3566","1544-3973"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3441830","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3441830","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3441830","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26056741","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","issn_l":"1544-3566","issn":["1544-3566","1544-3973"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3122060537","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"T1-251RES1818","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01kcva023"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322724","display_name":"Ministry of Education, India","ror":"https://ror.org/048xjjh50"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3126212707.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3126212707.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2030922317","https://openalex.org/W2051247395","https://openalex.org/W2080592089","https://openalex.org/W2081368694","https://openalex.org/W2118495140","https://openalex.org/W2129891179","https://openalex.org/W2153316377","https://openalex.org/W2170881177","https://openalex.org/W2233797083","https://openalex.org/W2244005500","https://openalex.org/W2245436538","https://openalex.org/W2265166184","https://openalex.org/W2322230929","https://openalex.org/W2365032803","https://openalex.org/W2410071687","https://openalex.org/W2521708680","https://openalex.org/W2554131156","https://openalex.org/W2588762210","https://openalex.org/W2623582941","https://openalex.org/W2766338242","https://openalex.org/W2770593197","https://openalex.org/W2838756705","https://openalex.org/W2902494873","https://openalex.org/W2911591717","https://openalex.org/W2944878710","https://openalex.org/W2944988763","https://openalex.org/W2948348275","https://openalex.org/W2952851876","https://openalex.org/W2954390672","https://openalex.org/W2980249334","https://openalex.org/W3011924825","https://openalex.org/W3044486916","https://openalex.org/W3112803455","https://openalex.org/W3186740580","https://openalex.org/W4240237526","https://openalex.org/W4247198796"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3062287","https://openalex.org/W2380390332","https://openalex.org/W2742145873","https://openalex.org/W3213381848","https://openalex.org/W2017587301","https://openalex.org/W2012954338","https://openalex.org/W2005148983","https://openalex.org/W2096672917","https://openalex.org/W2392023973","https://openalex.org/W2939411666"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"presents":[2],"GRAM":[3,69],"(&lt;underline&gt;G&lt;/underline&gt;PU-based":[4],"&lt;underline&gt;R&lt;/underline&gt;untime":[5],"&lt;underline&gt;A&lt;/underline&gt;daption":[6],"for":[7,11,19,85],"&lt;underline&gt;M&lt;/underline&gt;ixed-precision)":[8],"a":[9,25],"framework":[10],"the":[12,59,95],"effective":[13],"use":[14],"of":[15,47,61,89],"mixed":[16],"precision":[17,51,84],"arithmetic":[18],"CUDA":[20],"programs.":[21],"Our":[22],"method":[23],"provides":[24],"fine-grain":[26],"tradeoff":[27],"between":[28],"output":[29],"error":[30],"and":[31,97],"performance.":[32],"It":[33],"can":[34,64,81],"create":[35],"many":[36],"variants":[37],"that":[38,63],"satisfy":[39],"different":[40,45,50],"accuracy":[41,98],"requirements":[42],"by":[43],"assigning":[44],"groups":[46],"threads":[48],"to":[49,91],"levels":[52],"adaptively":[53],"at":[54],"runtime":[55],".":[56],"To":[57],"widen":[58],"range":[60],"applications":[62],"benefit":[65],"from":[66],"its":[67],"approximation,":[68],"comes":[70],"with":[71],"an":[72],"optional":[73],"half-precision":[74],"approximate":[75],"math":[76],"library.":[77],"Using":[78],"GRAM,":[79],"we":[80],"trade":[82],"off":[83],"any":[86],"performance":[87],"improvement":[88],"up":[90],"540%,":[92],"depending":[93],"on":[94],"application":[96],"requirement.":[99]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-02-25T08:12:03.925757","created_date":"2021-02-15T00:00:00"}
