{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3204492653","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3441139","title":"Enhancing Privacy in PUF-Cash through Multiple Trusted Third Parties and Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Enhancing Privacy in PUF-Cash through Multiple Trusted Third Parties and Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3204492653","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3441139","mag":"3204492653"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3441139","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3441139","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96198239","display_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","issn_l":"1550-4832","issn":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010570937","display_name":"Georgios Fragkos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0724-3366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169521973","display_name":"University of New Mexico","ror":"https://ror.org/05fs6jp91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgios Fragkos","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New Mexico, New Mexico, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New Mexico, New Mexico, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071819177","display_name":"Cyrus Minwalla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9569-664X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I898769471","display_name":"Bank of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/05cc98565","country_code":"CA","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I898769471"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cyrus Minwalla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bank of Canada, Ottawa, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bank of Canada, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I898769471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000446559","display_name":"Eirini Eleni Tsiropoulou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1322-1876"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169521973","display_name":"University of New Mexico","ror":"https://ror.org/05fs6jp91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eirini Eleni Tsiropoulou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New Mexico, New Mexico, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New Mexico, New Mexico, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029774084","display_name":"Jim Plusquellic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1876-117X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169521973","display_name":"University of New Mexico","ror":"https://ror.org/05fs6jp91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jim Plusquellic","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New Mexico, New Mexico, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New Mexico, New Mexico, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1348,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77072935,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-cash","display_name":"Electronic cash","score":0.6702580451965332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6203543543815613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anonymity","display_name":"Anonymity","score":0.6196245551109314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payment","display_name":"Payment","score":0.5200188159942627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5167878866195679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cash","display_name":"Cash","score":0.5143345594406128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-currency","display_name":"Digital currency","score":0.4851985275745392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blind-signature","display_name":"Blind signature","score":0.426663339138031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.39419230818748474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.30332010984420776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.2688564658164978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.17276951670646667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.1692313551902771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.06923344731330872}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778522442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1326122","display_name":"Electronic cash","level":3,"score":0.6702580451965332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6203543543815613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178005623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308859","display_name":"Anonymity","level":2,"score":0.6196245551109314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.5200188159942627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5167878866195679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778083465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693464","display_name":"Cash","level":2,"score":0.5143345594406128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48220719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10836209","display_name":"Digital currency","level":3,"score":0.4851985275745392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18899389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2736593","display_name":"Blind signature","level":4,"score":0.426663339138031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.39419230818748474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.30332010984420776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2688564658164978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.17276951670646667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.1692313551902771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.06923344731330872}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3441139","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3441139","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96198239","display_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","issn_l":"1550-4832","issn":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5600000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1586368357","https://openalex.org/W2034189882","https://openalex.org/W2095803854","https://openalex.org/W2137147061","https://openalex.org/W2137664544","https://openalex.org/W2159924820","https://openalex.org/W2162106291","https://openalex.org/W2503906998","https://openalex.org/W2623431170","https://openalex.org/W2784310609","https://openalex.org/W2889069601","https://openalex.org/W3088451060","https://openalex.org/W3094562069","https://openalex.org/W3110683067","https://openalex.org/W4205641034","https://openalex.org/W4232199654"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2363820371","https://openalex.org/W1538244782","https://openalex.org/W2132230642","https://openalex.org/W1577274403","https://openalex.org/W2160390026","https://openalex.org/W124470982","https://openalex.org/W1559728865","https://openalex.org/W2359476461","https://openalex.org/W1563592604","https://openalex.org/W210052817"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electronic":[0],"cash":[1],"(":[2,88],"e-Cash":[3,20,79,98,133,192],")":[4],"is":[5,66,125,128],"a":[6,67,120,135],"digital":[7],"alternative":[8],"to":[9,24,32,38,77,157,164,200],"physical":[10,85],"currency":[11],"such":[12,43],"as":[13,44,94],"coins":[14],"and":[15,34,46,51,63,169,188,205],"bank":[16],"notes.":[17],"Suitably":[18],"constructed,":[19],"has":[21],"the":[22,138,174,183,191],"ability":[23],"offer":[25],"an":[26,78,95,112],"anonymous":[27],"offline":[28],"experience":[29],"much":[30],"akin":[31],"cash,":[33],"in":[35,104],"direct":[36],"contrast":[37],"traditional":[39,115],"forms":[40],"of":[41,140,173],"payment":[42],"credit":[45],"debit":[47],"cards.":[48],"Implementing":[49],"security":[50],"privacy":[52,204],"within":[53,190],"e-Cash,":[54],"i.e.,":[55],"preserving":[56,141],"user":[57,102,159,203],"anonymity":[58,103],"while":[59,161],"preventing":[60],"counterfeiting,":[61],"fraud,":[62],"double":[64],"spending,":[65],"non-trivial":[68],"challenge.":[69],"In":[70,106,117],"this":[71,118],"article,":[72],"we":[73],"propose":[74],"major":[75],"improvements":[76,199],"protocol,":[80],"termed":[81],"PUF-Cash,":[82],"based":[83],"on":[84],"unclonable":[86],"functions":[87],"PUFs":[89],").":[90],"PUF-Cash":[91,108,201],"was":[92],"created":[93],"offline-first,":[96],"secure":[97],"scheme":[99,124],"that":[100,198],"preserved":[101],"payments.":[105],"addition,":[107],"supports":[109],"remote":[110],"payments;":[111],"improvement":[113],"over":[114],"currency.":[116],"work,":[119],"novel":[121],"multi-trusted-third-party":[122],"exchange":[123,145],"introduced,":[126],"which":[127,153],"responsible":[129],"for":[130],"\u201cblinding\u201d":[131],"Alice\u2019s":[132],"tokens;":[134],"feature":[136],"at":[137],"heart":[139],"her":[142],"anonymity.":[143],"The":[144],"operations":[146],"are":[147,154],"governed":[148],"by":[149,167],"machine":[150],"learning":[151],"techniques":[152],"uniquely":[155],"applied":[156],"optimize":[158],"privacy,":[160],"remaining":[162],"resistant":[163],"identity-revealing":[165],"attacks":[166],"adversaries":[168],"trusted":[170,176],"authorities.":[171],"Federation":[172],"single":[175],"third":[177],"party":[178],"into":[179],"multiple":[180],"entities":[181],"distributes":[182],"workload,":[184],"thereby":[185],"improving":[186],"performance":[187],"resiliency":[189],"system":[193],"architecture.":[194],"Experimental":[195],"results":[196],"indicate":[197],"enhance":[202],"scalability.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
