{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3134163474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3437963.3441782","title":"Adversarial Immunization for Certifiable Robustness on Graphs","display_name":"Adversarial Immunization for Certifiable Robustness on Graphs","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3134163474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3437963.3441782","mag":"3134163474"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3437963.3441782","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3437963.3441782","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3437963.3441782","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 14th ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3437963.3441782","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shuchang Tao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shuchang Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Huawei Shen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huawei Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qi Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Liang Hou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xueqi Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueqi Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6999,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75290342,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"698","last_page":"706"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9142000079154968,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5024999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4311000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.4043999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunization","display_name":"Immunization","score":0.3246000111103058}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6064000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5024999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4456999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4311000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4043999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3871000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3546000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1415366","display_name":"Immunization","level":3,"score":0.3246000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.3156000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.301800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88230418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131476","display_name":"Graph theory","level":2,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.26179999113082886}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3437963.3441782","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3437963.3441782","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3437963.3441782","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 14th ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2007.09647","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2007.09647","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.09647","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3437963.3441782","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3437963.3441782","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3437963.3441782","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 14th ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5375682351","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"91746301","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6082148606","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62041207, 91746301","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8208342437","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1 and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8361467185","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020AAA0105200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3134163474.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3134163474.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971421925","https://openalex.org/W2803831897","https://openalex.org/W2809583854","https://openalex.org/W2912240430","https://openalex.org/W2914721378","https://openalex.org/W2949208225","https://openalex.org/W2951823788","https://openalex.org/W2964583308","https://openalex.org/W2964971928","https://openalex.org/W2966859223","https://openalex.org/W2984488829","https://openalex.org/W2994598354","https://openalex.org/W2996851481","https://openalex.org/W3001111845","https://openalex.org/W3012737746","https://openalex.org/W3012846134","https://openalex.org/W3081203761","https://openalex.org/W3081325717"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"achieving":[1],"strong":[2],"performance":[3],"in":[4,107],"semi-supervised":[5],"node":[6,78],"classification":[7],"task,":[8],"graph":[9,68,89],"neural":[10],"networks":[11,130],"(GNNs)":[12],"are":[13,125],"vulnerable":[14],"to":[15,19,48,55,83,111],"adversarial":[16,38,56,69,93,121],"attacks,":[17],"similar":[18],"other":[20],"deep":[21],"learning":[22],"models.":[23],"Existing":[24],"researches":[25],"focus":[26],"on":[27,40,58,127],"developing":[28],"either":[29],"robust":[30,148],"GNN":[31],"models":[32],"or":[33,81],"attack":[34],"detection":[35],"methods":[36],"against":[37,90],"attacks":[39,57],"graphs.":[41,59],"However,":[42],"little":[43],"research":[44],"attention":[45],"is":[46],"paid":[47],"the":[49,67,85,113,120,139,145],"potential":[50],"and":[51,65,131],"practice":[52],"of":[53,77,88,147,159],"immunization":[54,70,122],"In":[60],"this":[61],"paper,":[62],"we":[63],"propose":[64,97],"formulate":[66],"problem,":[71],"i.e.,":[72],"vaccinating":[73],"an":[74,98,155],"affordable":[75,156],"fraction":[76],"pairs,":[79],"connected":[80],"unconnected,":[82],"improve":[84],"certifiable":[86],"robustness":[87],"any":[91],"admissible":[92],"attack.":[94],"We":[95],"further":[96],"effective":[99],"algorithm,":[100],"called":[101],"AdvImmune,":[102],"which":[103],"optimizes":[104],"with":[105,154],"meta-gradient":[106],"a":[108],"discrete":[109],"way":[110],"circumvent":[112],"computationally":[114],"expensive":[115],"combinatorial":[116],"optimization":[117],"when":[118],"solving":[119],"problem.":[123],"Experiments":[124],"conducted":[126],"two":[128],"citation":[129],"one":[132],"social":[133],"network.":[134],"Experimental":[135],"results":[136],"demonstrate":[137],"that":[138],"proposed":[140],"AdvImmune":[141],"method":[142],"remarkably":[143],"improves":[144],"ratio":[146],"nodes":[149],"by":[150],"12%,":[151],"42%,":[152],"65%,":[153],"immune":[157],"budget":[158],"only":[160],"5%":[161],"edges.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2021-03-15T00:00:00"}