{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3135365795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3434643","title":"Toward an Objective Measure of Developers\u2019 Cognitive Activities","display_name":"Toward an Objective Measure of Developers\u2019 Cognitive Activities","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3135365795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3434643","mag":"3135365795"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3434643","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3434643","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102934372","display_name":"Zohreh Sharafi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zohreh Sharafi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055069752","display_name":"Yu Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2730-5077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030030910","display_name":"Kevin Leach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4001-3442"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Leach","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083601969","display_name":"Westley Weimer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6749-2204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Westley Weimer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102934372"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9579,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90873965,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"40"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9589999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9589999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9221000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8235674500465393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-magnetic-resonance-imaging","display_name":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging","score":0.5468591451644897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.5104657411575317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4819326400756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4799818694591522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.4663630723953247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.44978415966033936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroimaging","display_name":"Neuroimaging","score":0.43387746810913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4232948422431946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3666391372680664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.332368403673172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.14369645714759827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.11429950594902039}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8235674500465393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779226451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903809","display_name":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.5468591451644897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5104657411575317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4819326400756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4799818694591522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.4663630723953247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.44978415966033936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58693492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551875","display_name":"Neuroimaging","level":2,"score":0.43387746810913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4232948422431946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3666391372680664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.332368403673172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.14369645714759827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.11429950594902039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3434643","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3434643","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.polymtl.ca:50513","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.polymtl.ca/50513/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401013","display_name":"PolyPublie (\u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","host_organization_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article de revue"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":133,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W99381160","https://openalex.org/W162310774","https://openalex.org/W207357820","https://openalex.org/W750932891","https://openalex.org/W1500771350","https://openalex.org/W1526710119","https://openalex.org/W1537910544","https://openalex.org/W1576546423","https://openalex.org/W1905898145","https://openalex.org/W1965305672","https://openalex.org/W1966036881","https://openalex.org/W1967878152","https://openalex.org/W1971895315","https://openalex.org/W1973204205","https://openalex.org/W1974316717","https://openalex.org/W1976781461","https://openalex.org/W1978602582","https://openalex.org/W1979342075","https://openalex.org/W1979417611","https://openalex.org/W1980963690","https://openalex.org/W1984927662","https://openalex.org/W1985147801","https://openalex.org/W1987143349","https://openalex.org/W1988628854","https://openalex.org/W1992210365","https://openalex.org/W1992529560","https://openalex.org/W1994563214","https://openalex.org/W1995436232","https://openalex.org/W2004414525","https://openalex.org/W2004584736","https://openalex.org/W2010136639","https://openalex.org/W2010645028","https://openalex.org/W2010837018","https://openalex.org/W2012686127","https://openalex.org/W2014157362","https://openalex.org/W2014232144","https://openalex.org/W2022244667","https://openalex.org/W2023159994","https://openalex.org/W2027782226","https://openalex.org/W2033736966","https://openalex.org/W2038233718","https://openalex.org/W2038409011","https://openalex.org/W2038546291","https://openalex.org/W2038719540","https://openalex.org/W2039772616","https://openalex.org/W2040710054","https://openalex.org/W2041797434","https://openalex.org/W2041829367","https://openalex.org/W2043045839","https://openalex.org/W2043594008","https://openalex.org/W2044590882","https://openalex.org/W2049812766","https://openalex.org/W2058046532","https://openalex.org/W2061607227","https://openalex.org/W2066113169","https://openalex.org/W2071714163","https://openalex.org/W2072955335","https://openalex.org/W2076269298","https://openalex.org/W2079450984","https://openalex.org/W2080534028","https://openalex.org/W2081016707","https://openalex.org/W2082186327","https://openalex.org/W2082504982","https://openalex.org/W2088661419","https://openalex.org/W2090801405","https://openalex.org/W2091543666","https://openalex.org/W2092594036","https://openalex.org/W2093123449","https://openalex.org/W2094002445","https://openalex.org/W2095491050","https://openalex.org/W2099419188","https://openalex.org/W2099637955","https://openalex.org/W2101892923","https://openalex.org/W2102673550","https://openalex.org/W2107386393","https://openalex.org/W2109864487","https://openalex.org/W2114728368","https://openalex.org/W2117691995","https://openalex.org/W2120246068","https://openalex.org/W2120938928","https://openalex.org/W2123477708","https://openalex.org/W2123526233","https://openalex.org/W2130930647","https://openalex.org/W2133188546","https://openalex.org/W2133320039","https://openalex.org/W2134305330","https://openalex.org/W2139410856","https://openalex.org/W2139906140","https://openalex.org/W2141663826","https://openalex.org/W2142403498","https://openalex.org/W2143885952","https://openalex.org/W2150238850","https://openalex.org/W2150673354","https://openalex.org/W2151665713","https://openalex.org/W2151969869","https://openalex.org/W2153076044","https://openalex.org/W2155367389","https://openalex.org/W2156424501","https://openalex.org/W2160385588","https://openalex.org/W2161253280","https://openalex.org/W2163118886","https://openalex.org/W2168062284","https://openalex.org/W2169149290","https://openalex.org/W2169416404","https://openalex.org/W2170743336","https://openalex.org/W2231155388","https://openalex.org/W2295826564","https://openalex.org/W2324156403","https://openalex.org/W2344367508","https://openalex.org/W2362779523","https://openalex.org/W2547709956","https://openalex.org/W2563587725","https://openalex.org/W2616911396","https://openalex.org/W2741371834","https://openalex.org/W2783732587","https://openalex.org/W2809658419","https://openalex.org/W2810767260","https://openalex.org/W2883338005","https://openalex.org/W2895073034","https://openalex.org/W2899084096","https://openalex.org/W2917179368","https://openalex.org/W2955336980","https://openalex.org/W2955730880","https://openalex.org/W3011322780","https://openalex.org/W3091248061","https://openalex.org/W4214843451","https://openalex.org/W4229690595","https://openalex.org/W4239249613","https://openalex.org/W4242395378","https://openalex.org/W4244812199","https://openalex.org/W4244831466","https://openalex.org/W4246189536","https://openalex.org/W4249658983"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2327340211","https://openalex.org/W2027542625","https://openalex.org/W4292199793","https://openalex.org/W2282195379","https://openalex.org/W2089784006","https://openalex.org/W2295388821","https://openalex.org/W2102312026","https://openalex.org/W2071433170","https://openalex.org/W2885663991","https://openalex.org/W1016623679"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Understanding":[0],"how":[1],"developers":[2],"carry":[3],"out":[4],"different":[5,55,174],"computer":[6],"science":[7],"activities":[8,44],"with":[9],"objective":[10,56],"measures":[11,57],"can":[12,97],"help":[13],"to":[14,40,128,173],"improve":[15],"productivity":[16],"and":[17,21,49,64,70,77,110,138,144,152,156,161,187,191,198],"guide":[18],"the":[19,85,122,130,165,170,189],"use":[20,164],"development":[22],"of":[23,88,125,133,169],"supporting":[24],"tools":[25],"in":[26],"software":[27,201],"engineering.":[28],"In":[29],"this":[30],"article,":[31],"we":[32,82],"present":[33],"two":[34],"controlled":[35],"experiments":[36],"involving":[37],"112":[38],"students":[39],"explore":[41],"multiple":[42],"computing":[43],"(code":[45],"comprehension,":[46],"code":[47,75],"review,":[48],"data":[50,136,159],"structure":[51,160],"manipulations)":[52],"using":[53,80,141],"three":[54],"including":[58],"neuroimaging":[59],"(functional":[60],"near-infrared":[61],"spectroscopy":[62],"(fNIRS)":[63],"functional":[65],"magnetic":[66],"resonance":[67],"imaging":[68],"(fMRI))":[69],"eye":[71,145,196],"tracking.":[72,146],"By":[73],"examining":[74],"review":[76,79],"prose":[78],"fMRI,":[81,142,194],"find":[83,157],"that":[84,158],"neural":[86,131,181],"representations":[87,132],"programming":[89],"languages":[90,93],"vs.":[91],"natural":[92],"are":[94,114,177],"distinct.":[95],"We":[96,118,147,183],"classify":[98],"which":[99],"task":[100,112],"a":[101],"participant":[102],"is":[103],"undertaking":[104],"based":[105],"solely":[106],"on":[107],"brain":[108,171],"activity,":[109],"those":[111],"distinctions":[113],"modulated":[115],"by":[116],"expertise.":[117],"leverage":[119],"insights":[120],"from":[121],"psychological":[123],"notion":[124],"spatial":[126,162],"ability":[127],"decode":[129],"several":[134],"fundamental":[135],"structures":[137],"their":[139],"manipulations":[140],"fNIRS,":[143,195],"examine":[148],"list,":[149],"array,":[150],"tree,":[151],"mental":[153],"rotation":[154],"tasks":[155],"operations":[163],"same":[166],"focal":[167],"regions":[168],"but":[172,179],"degrees:":[175],"they":[176],"related":[178],"distinct":[180],"tasks.":[182],"demonstrate":[184],"best":[185],"practices":[186],"describe":[188],"implication":[190],"tradeoffs":[192],"between":[193],"tracking,":[197],"self-reporting":[199],"for":[200],"engineering":[202],"research.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
