{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3099525000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3434304","title":"egg: Fast and extensible equality saturation","display_name":"egg: Fast and extensible equality saturation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3099525000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3434304","mag":"3099525000"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3434304","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3434304","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3434304","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3434304","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Max Willsey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8066-4218"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Max Willsey","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8066-4218","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chandrakana Nandi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chandrakana Nandi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yisu Remy Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yisu Remy Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Oliver Flatt","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oliver Flatt","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zachary Tatlock","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zachary Tatlock","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Pavel Panchekha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pavel Panchekha","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.9389,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":155,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98984281,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"POPL","first_page":"1","last_page":"29"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.6046000123023987,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.6046000123023987,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.1039000004529953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.04349999874830246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.558899998664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimizing-compiler","display_name":"Optimizing compiler","score":0.4578999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extensibility","display_name":"Extensibility","score":0.44679999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saturation","display_name":"Saturation (graph theory)","score":0.42419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invariant","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","score":0.421999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6201000213623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.558899998664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5335999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.487199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190902152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1325106","display_name":"Optimizing compiler","level":3,"score":0.4578999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32833848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4115054","display_name":"Extensibility","level":2,"score":0.44679999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9930424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7426587","display_name":"Saturation (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.42419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190470478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370229","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","level":2,"score":0.421999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.41499999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3921000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778029271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421931","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","level":2,"score":0.31839999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778514511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1374194","display_name":"Programmer","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3434304","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3434304","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3434304","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2004.03082","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.03082","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.03082","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3434304","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3434304","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3434304","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4122133487","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1813166,1749570","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5544579091","display_name":"CAREER: Verifying Distributed System Implementations","funder_award_id":"1749570","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3099525000.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3099525000.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480909796","https://openalex.org/W1485585934","https://openalex.org/W1574609262","https://openalex.org/W1969777579","https://openalex.org/W1978948468","https://openalex.org/W1986022261","https://openalex.org/W2000346568","https://openalex.org/W2055477538","https://openalex.org/W2062897452","https://openalex.org/W2087327214","https://openalex.org/W2094080019","https://openalex.org/W2097414162","https://openalex.org/W2152397470","https://openalex.org/W2153131284","https://openalex.org/W2886686348","https://openalex.org/W2902691505","https://openalex.org/W2981758446","https://openalex.org/W2991552299","https://openalex.org/W3014415287","https://openalex.org/W3022794709","https://openalex.org/W3033748891","https://openalex.org/W3082570516","https://openalex.org/W4235668804","https://openalex.org/W4237518837","https://openalex.org/W4242955624","https://openalex.org/W4301666354"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"e-graph":[1,63],"efficiently":[2],"represents":[3],"a":[4,25,135],"congruence":[5],"relation":[6],"over":[7,106],"many":[8],"expressions.":[9],"Although":[10],"they":[11],"were":[12],"originally":[13],"developed":[14],"in":[15,21,109,134],"the":[16,121,124],"late":[17],"1970s":[18],"for":[19,48,126],"use":[20,51],"automated":[22],"theorem":[23],"provers,":[24],"more":[26],"recent":[27],"technique":[28,93],"known":[29],"as":[30],"equality":[31,86,99,150],"saturation":[32,54,151],"repurposes":[33],"e-graphs":[34,45,79],"to":[35,65,85],"implement":[36],"state-of-the-art,":[37],"rewrite-driven":[38],"compiler":[39],"optimizations":[40],"and":[41,59,81,156],"program":[42],"synthesizers.":[43],"However,":[44],"remain":[46],"unspecialized":[47],"this":[49],"newer":[50],"case.":[52],"Equality":[53],"workloads":[55],"exhibit":[56],"distinct":[57,101],"characteristics":[58],"often":[60],"require":[61],"ad-hoc":[62],"extensions":[64],"incorporate":[66],"transformations":[67],"beyond":[68],"purely":[69],"syntactic":[70],"rewrites.":[71],"This":[72],"work":[73],"contributes":[74],"two":[75],"techniques":[76,108,133],"that":[77],"make":[78],"fast":[80],"extensible,":[82],"specializing":[83],"them":[84],"saturation.":[87],"A":[88,111],"new":[89,136],"amortized":[90],"invariant":[91],"restoration":[92],"called":[94,114,139],"rebuilding":[95],"takes":[96],"advantage":[97],"of":[98,149],"saturation's":[100],"workload,":[102],"providing":[103],"asymptotic":[104],"speedups":[105],"current":[107],"practice.":[110],"general":[112],"mechanism":[113],"e-class":[115],"analyses":[116,119],"integrates":[117],"domain-specific":[118],"into":[120],"e-graph,":[122],"reducing":[123],"need":[125],"ad":[127],"hoc":[128],"manipulation.":[129],"We":[130],"implemented":[131],"these":[132],"open-source":[137],"library":[138],"egg.":[140],"Our":[141],"case":[142],"studies":[143],"on":[144],"three":[145],"previously":[146],"published":[147],"applications":[148],"highlight":[152],"how":[153],"egg's":[154],"performance":[155],"flexibility":[157],"enable":[158],"state-of-the-art":[159],"results":[160],"across":[161],"diverse":[162],"domains.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-03T08:13:44.112507","created_date":"2020-11-23T00:00:00"}
