{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3134433028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3434073.3444670","title":"Robot Gaze Can Mediate Participation Imbalance in Groups with Different Skill Levels","display_name":"Robot Gaze Can Mediate Participation Imbalance in Groups with Different Skill Levels","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3134433028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3434073.3444670","mag":"3134433028"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3434073.3444670","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3434073.3444670","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089419892","display_name":"Sarah Gillet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7130-0826"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah Gillet","raw_affiliation_strings":["KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088868324","display_name":"Ronald Cumbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4472-4732"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronald Cumbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100612354","display_name":"Andr\u00e9 Pereira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2428-0468"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andr\u00e9 Pereira","raw_affiliation_strings":["KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045821487","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Lopes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8773-9216"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Lopes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019674455","display_name":"Olov Engwall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4532-014X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olov Engwall","raw_affiliation_strings":["KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082559019","display_name":"Iolanda Leite","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2212-4325"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iolanda Leite","raw_affiliation_strings":["KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.933,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98197317,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"303","last_page":"311"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14308","display_name":"Psychological and Educational Research Studies","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10383","display_name":"Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies","score":0.9688000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.9008908271789551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.6389338374137878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.6265901923179626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.5345629453659058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint-attention","display_name":"Joint attention","score":0.4924219846725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/balance","display_name":"Balance (ability)","score":0.4833950102329254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-relation","display_name":"Social relation","score":0.45477813482284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013robot-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013robot interaction","score":0.4394252598285675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.4282350540161133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.40509799122810364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.3936437964439392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.32428911328315735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-psychology","display_name":"Developmental psychology","score":0.24087819457054138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2283211350440979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.20157906413078308}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.9008908271789551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6389338374137878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6265901923179626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.5345629453659058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137878579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9636076","display_name":"Joint attention","level":3,"score":0.4924219846725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168031717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530280","display_name":"Balance (ability)","level":2,"score":0.4833950102329254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130064352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853725","display_name":"Social relation","level":2,"score":0.45477813482284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145460709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q859951","display_name":"Human\u2013robot interaction","level":3,"score":0.4394252598285675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4282350540161133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40509799122810364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3936437964439392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.32428911328315735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.24087819457054138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2283211350440979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.20157906413078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205778803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38404","display_name":"Autism","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3434073.3444670","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3434073.3444670","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2790120870","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017 1261 06","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322261","funder_display_name":"Jacobs Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322261","display_name":"Jacobs Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/03tj32a09"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W100664794","https://openalex.org/W606553535","https://openalex.org/W1978650987","https://openalex.org/W2012372995","https://openalex.org/W2023868143","https://openalex.org/W2026865360","https://openalex.org/W2036472487","https://openalex.org/W2063688338","https://openalex.org/W2090902583","https://openalex.org/W2143427281","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2159012497","https://openalex.org/W2225036064","https://openalex.org/W2250275257","https://openalex.org/W2543757304","https://openalex.org/W2555931028","https://openalex.org/W2591798388","https://openalex.org/W2790233857","https://openalex.org/W2791613944","https://openalex.org/W2792441573","https://openalex.org/W2931992356","https://openalex.org/W2948208238","https://openalex.org/W2981138816","https://openalex.org/W3008551301","https://openalex.org/W3009288222","https://openalex.org/W3009690696","https://openalex.org/W3009999177","https://openalex.org/W3010367174","https://openalex.org/W4205240804","https://openalex.org/W4238095402","https://openalex.org/W6823009189"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2515301603","https://openalex.org/W2016653505","https://openalex.org/W4390081734","https://openalex.org/W1589149166","https://openalex.org/W2146789911","https://openalex.org/W2494497","https://openalex.org/W2742603624","https://openalex.org/W2176627261","https://openalex.org/W2799389121","https://openalex.org/W1593813973"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"small":[1],"group":[2,19],"activities,":[3],"like":[4],"working":[5],"teams":[6],"or":[7],"study":[8,106],"groups,":[9],"have":[10],"a":[11,34,79,89,95,99,104,132],"high":[12],"dependency":[13],"on":[14,59],"the":[15,31,39,84,122,127,153,155,162,173],"skill":[16,23],"of":[17,33,42,66,86,124,126,143,152],"each":[18],"member.":[20],"Differences":[21],"in":[22,73,88],"level":[24,85,123],"among":[25,164],"participants":[26,165],"can":[27,82],"affect":[28],"not":[29],"only":[30],"performance":[32],"team":[35],"but":[36],"also":[37],"influence":[38],"social":[40,80],"interaction":[41,163],"its":[43],"members.":[44],"In":[45,103],"these":[46],"circumstances,":[47],"an":[48,112],"active":[49,129],"member":[50],"could":[51,160],"balance":[52,83],"individual":[53],"participation":[54,87,145,171],"without":[55],"exerting":[56],"direct":[57],"pressure":[58],"specific":[60],"members":[61],"by":[62,94,149],"using":[63],"indirect":[64],"means":[65],"communication,":[67],"such":[68],"as":[69],"gaze":[70,115,134,158],"behaviors.":[71],"Similarly,":[72],"this":[74],"study,":[75],"we":[76,110],"evaluate":[77],"whether":[78],"robot":[81,114],"language":[90,101],"skill-dependent":[91],"game,":[92],"played":[93],"native":[96],"speaker":[97],"and":[98],"second":[100],"learner.":[102],"between-subjects":[105],"(N":[107],"=":[108],"72),":[109],"compared":[111],"adaptive":[113,157],"behavior,":[116],"that":[117],"was":[118],"targeted":[119],"to":[120,168],"increase":[121],"contribution":[125],"least":[128],"player,":[130],"with":[131],"non-adaptive":[133],"behavior.":[135],"Our":[136],"results":[137],"imply":[138],"that,":[139],"while":[140],"overall":[141],"levels":[142],"speech":[144],"were":[146],"influenced":[147],"predominantly":[148],"personal":[150],"traits":[151],"participants,":[154],"robot's":[156],"behavior":[159],"shape":[161],"which":[166],"lead":[167],"more":[169],"even":[170],"during":[172],"game.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T07:54:00.901334","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}