{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3135634497","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3434073.3444646","title":"Co-designing Socially Assistive Sidekicks for Motion-based AAC","display_name":"Co-designing Socially Assistive Sidekicks for Motion-based AAC","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3135634497","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3434073.3444646","mag":"3135634497"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3434073.3444646","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3434073.3444646","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3434073.3444646","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3434073.3444646","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057539070","display_name":"Stephanie Valencia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6588-9494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephanie Valencia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083773367","display_name":"Michal Luria","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9779-5003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michal Luria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014816733","display_name":"Amy Pavel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3908-4366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amy Pavel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082603621","display_name":"Jeffrey P. Bigham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2072-0625"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey P. Bigham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061653312","display_name":"Henny Admoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1796-2196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henny Admoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"24","last_page":"33"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12207","display_name":"Assistive Technology in Communication and Mobility","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3609","display_name":"Occupational Therapy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12207","display_name":"Assistive Technology in Communication and Mobility","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3609","display_name":"Occupational Therapy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10803","display_name":"Innovative Human-Technology Interaction","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonverbal-communication","display_name":"Nonverbal communication","score":0.8176742792129517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conversation","display_name":"Conversation","score":0.7695343494415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.6830384731292725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion","display_name":"Motion (physics)","score":0.6695519685745239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/augmentative-and-alternative-communication","display_name":"Augmentative and alternative communication","score":0.6677430868148804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6131137013435364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture","display_name":"Gesture","score":0.569507360458374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embodied-cognition","display_name":"Embodied cognition","score":0.5242260098457336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.48061034083366394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/augmentative","display_name":"Augmentative","score":0.4251364469528198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4209449887275696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turn-taking","display_name":"Turn-taking","score":0.4119430184364319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.35812634229660034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2976912260055542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.2860689163208008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18334421515464783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.07384750247001648}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145633318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207125","display_name":"Nonverbal communication","level":2,"score":0.8176742792129517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.7695343494415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.6830384731292725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6695519685745239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778121785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q781083","display_name":"Augmentative and alternative communication","level":2,"score":0.6677430868148804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6131137013435364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.569507360458374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100609095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335050","display_name":"Embodied cognition","level":2,"score":0.5242260098457336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.48061034083366394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776465043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1358239","display_name":"Augmentative","level":2,"score":0.4251364469528198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4209449887275696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776352735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2313343","display_name":"Turn-taking","level":3,"score":0.4119430184364319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.35812634229660034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2976912260055542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.2860689163208008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18334421515464783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.07384750247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3434073.3444646","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3434073.3444646","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3434073.3444646","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3434073.3444646","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3434073.3444646","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3434073.3444646","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2020726083","display_name":"NRI: FND: Human-Robot Collaboration with Distributed and Embodied Intelligence","funder_award_id":"1734456","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G87625935","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SES-1734456","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8794608634","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-1755823","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3135634497.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3135634497.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W616341987","https://openalex.org/W1516158759","https://openalex.org/W1556808170","https://openalex.org/W1975096659","https://openalex.org/W1996012826","https://openalex.org/W2009002675","https://openalex.org/W2012372995","https://openalex.org/W2018499804","https://openalex.org/W2037974179","https://openalex.org/W2042141825","https://openalex.org/W2050896993","https://openalex.org/W2053019021","https://openalex.org/W2056257735","https://openalex.org/W2059830180","https://openalex.org/W2083665491","https://openalex.org/W2099886412","https://openalex.org/W2115751874","https://openalex.org/W2118163921","https://openalex.org/W2123169741","https://openalex.org/W2136175037","https://openalex.org/W2137045791","https://openalex.org/W2143427281","https://openalex.org/W2155266520","https://openalex.org/W2172006500","https://openalex.org/W2318535564","https://openalex.org/W2333217693","https://openalex.org/W2343483042","https://openalex.org/W2495266147","https://openalex.org/W2528259719","https://openalex.org/W2529137305","https://openalex.org/W2533558577","https://openalex.org/W2553375856","https://openalex.org/W2578844505","https://openalex.org/W2594575328","https://openalex.org/W2606411279","https://openalex.org/W2613049552","https://openalex.org/W2727071501","https://openalex.org/W2772961628","https://openalex.org/W2790233199","https://openalex.org/W2792386148","https://openalex.org/W2795429875","https://openalex.org/W2892038703","https://openalex.org/W2900191078","https://openalex.org/W2903347228","https://openalex.org/W2931420217","https://openalex.org/W2931992356","https://openalex.org/W2952041149","https://openalex.org/W2963507484","https://openalex.org/W2988620880","https://openalex.org/W3029350712","https://openalex.org/W3030076837","https://openalex.org/W3030185973","https://openalex.org/W4230512814","https://openalex.org/W4245234533"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2782095833","https://openalex.org/W1992078856","https://openalex.org/W2048347577","https://openalex.org/W2132330100","https://openalex.org/W2137218579","https://openalex.org/W2135227495","https://openalex.org/W3043626429","https://openalex.org/W2052517494","https://openalex.org/W4247822009","https://openalex.org/W4319311716"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Augmentative":[0],"and":[1,26,76,88,104,109,131,141,143],"alternative":[2],"communication":[3,30,68],"(AAC)":[4],"devices":[5,11],"enable":[6],"speech-based":[7],"communication.":[8,153],"However,":[9],"AAC":[10,38],"do":[12],"not":[13],"support":[14,70,122],"nonverbal":[15,65,152],"communication,":[16],"which":[17,33],"allows":[18],"people":[19],"to":[20,40,43,69,111,125],"take":[21],"turns,":[22],"regulate":[23],"conversation":[24],"dynamics,":[25],"express":[27],"intentions.":[28],"Nonverbal":[29],"requires":[31],"motion,":[32],"is":[34],"often":[35],"challenging":[36],"for":[37,95,118,150],"users":[39],"produce":[41],"due":[42],"motor":[44],"constraints.":[45],"In":[46],"this":[47],"work,":[48],"we":[49],"explore":[50],"how":[51,135,144],"socially":[52],"assistive":[53],"robots,":[54],"framed":[55],"as":[56],"''sidekicks,''":[57],"might":[58],"provide":[59],"augmented":[60,151],"communicators":[61],"(ACs)":[62],"with":[63],"a":[64],"channel":[66],"of":[67],"their":[71,86],"conversational":[72,96],"goals.":[73,114],"We":[74,92,115,133],"developed":[75],"conducted":[77],"an":[78],"accessible":[79],"co-design":[80],"workshop":[81],"that":[82,121],"involved":[83],"two":[84],"ACs,":[85],"caregivers,":[87],"three":[89,126],"motion":[90],"experts.":[91],"identified":[93],"goals":[94],"support,":[97],"co-designed":[98],"prototypes":[99],"depicting":[100],"possible":[101],"sidekick":[102,107],"forms,":[103],"enacted":[105],"different":[106],"motions":[108],"behaviors":[110],"achieve":[112],"speakers'":[113],"contribute":[116],"guidelines":[117],"designing":[119],"sidekicks":[120],"ACs":[123],"according":[124],"key":[127],"parameters:":[128],"attention,":[129],"precision,":[130],"timing.":[132],"show":[134],"these":[136],"parameters":[137],"manifest":[138],"in":[139],"appearance":[140],"behavior":[142],"they":[145],"can":[146],"guide":[147],"future":[148],"designs":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}