{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3168993364","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3433210.3453685","title":"ARGUS: Assessing Unpatched Vulnerable Devices on the Internet via Efficient Firmware Recognition","display_name":"ARGUS: Assessing Unpatched Vulnerable Devices on the Internet via Efficient Firmware Recognition","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3168993364","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3433210.3453685","mag":"3168993364"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3433210.3453685","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3433210.3453685","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100617974","display_name":"Wei Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1667-4995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100460206","display_name":"Chao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7730-5131"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100399594","display_name":"Pengfei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3408-4153"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengfei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100395206","display_name":"Zhenhua Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0369-2765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenhua Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101803205","display_name":"Qiang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1032-9323"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"421","last_page":"431"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firmware","display_name":"Firmware","score":0.9602084755897522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7689177989959717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/argus","display_name":"Argus","score":0.7196642160415649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.7118203639984131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safer","display_name":"SAFER","score":0.670236349105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.6588338613510132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.6276017427444458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint-recognition","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","score":0.5010354518890381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.39969974756240845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.24333152174949646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.16182470321655273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67212190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104851","display_name":"Firmware","level":2,"score":0.9602084755897522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7689177989959717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3622471","display_name":"Argus","level":2,"score":0.7196642160415649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.7118203639984131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776654903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2601463","display_name":"SAFER","level":2,"score":0.670236349105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6588338613510132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6276017427444458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168406668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178022","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","level":3,"score":0.5010354518890381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.39969974756240845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.24333152174949646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.16182470321655273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3433210.3453685","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3433210.3453685","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5099999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981870545","https://openalex.org/W2001637908","https://openalex.org/W2084752903","https://openalex.org/W2104599106","https://openalex.org/W2123070675","https://openalex.org/W2184306774","https://openalex.org/W2745141831","https://openalex.org/W2891599753","https://openalex.org/W2945742688","https://openalex.org/W4299301436","https://openalex.org/W6600512042","https://openalex.org/W6743493502"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3014822659","https://openalex.org/W2117826006","https://openalex.org/W1621827506","https://openalex.org/W4362496757","https://openalex.org/W2051501574","https://openalex.org/W2124627279","https://openalex.org/W2050967184","https://openalex.org/W2566091814","https://openalex.org/W2114937328","https://openalex.org/W2148654711"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Assessing":[0],"unpatched":[1],"devices":[2],"affected":[3],"by":[4],"a":[5,9,15,34],"specified":[6],"vulnerability":[7],"is":[8,21,33],"vital":[10],"but":[11],"unsolved":[12],"issue.":[13],"Using":[14],"proof-of-concept":[16],"tool":[17],"on":[18,57,77],"the":[19,62,78],"Internet":[20],"illegal,":[22],"while":[23],"identifying":[24],"vulnerable":[25],"device":[26,38,50],"models":[27,51],"and":[28,54],"firmware":[29,58],"versions":[30],"via":[31],"fingerprints":[32],"safer":[35],"method.":[36],"However,":[37],"search":[39],"engines":[40],"such":[41],"as":[42],"Shodan":[43],"do":[44],"not":[45],"claim":[46],"to":[47],"accurately":[48],"identify":[49],"or":[52],"versions,":[53],"existing":[55],"works":[56],"online":[59],"recognition":[60],"neglect":[61],"efficiency":[63],"challenge":[64],"of":[65],"scanning":[66],"redundant":[67],"fingerprints.":[68],"Consequently,":[69],"this":[70],"fingerprint-checking":[71],"method":[72],"has":[73],"few":[74],"real-world":[75],"verifications":[76],"Internet.":[79]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
