{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3166756206","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3433210.3437517","title":"Red Alert for Power Leakage: Exploiting Intel RAPL-Induced Side Channels","display_name":"Red Alert for Power Leakage: Exploiting Intel RAPL-Induced Side Channels","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3166756206","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3433210.3437517","mag":"3166756206"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3433210.3437517","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3433210.3437517","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101696649","display_name":"Zhenkai Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9025-3460"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenkai Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016451064","display_name":"Sisheng Liang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sisheng Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033685295","display_name":"Fan Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0360-5641"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100622641","display_name":"Xing Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5248-9360"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86501945","display_name":"University of Delaware","ror":"https://ror.org/01sbq1a82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xing Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4882,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91348672,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"162","last_page":"175"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8737695813179016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4955960512161255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.4855167865753174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.4295307993888855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profiling","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","score":0.4153679609298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.23420238494873047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.13865062594413757}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8737695813179016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4955960512161255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.4855167865753174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.4295307993888855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.4153679609298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.23420238494873047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.13865062594413757}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3433210.3437517","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3433210.3437517","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5083660100","display_name":"CPS: Small: Integrated Reconfigurable Control and Moving Target Defense for Secure Cyber-Physical Systems","funder_award_id":"1739328","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W110155494","https://openalex.org/W1230022372","https://openalex.org/W1467126665","https://openalex.org/W1494212869","https://openalex.org/W1521422460","https://openalex.org/W1533145153","https://openalex.org/W1811605617","https://openalex.org/W1866884617","https://openalex.org/W1934458198","https://openalex.org/W1977661221","https://openalex.org/W1990106743","https://openalex.org/W2017371166","https://openalex.org/W2037322308","https://openalex.org/W2061354941","https://openalex.org/W2068034551","https://openalex.org/W2070525241","https://openalex.org/W2099137371","https://openalex.org/W2104182023","https://openalex.org/W2120702739","https://openalex.org/W2125115094","https://openalex.org/W2144219822","https://openalex.org/W2159175944","https://openalex.org/W2170085959","https://openalex.org/W2269460187","https://openalex.org/W2272516773","https://openalex.org/W2299561166","https://openalex.org/W2337480911","https://openalex.org/W2337655500","https://openalex.org/W2394822940","https://openalex.org/W2461421356","https://openalex.org/W2464738545","https://openalex.org/W2474699623","https://openalex.org/W2492446575","https://openalex.org/W2537031054","https://openalex.org/W2560443936","https://openalex.org/W2563009067","https://openalex.org/W2591242488","https://openalex.org/W2593459094","https://openalex.org/W2612278735","https://openalex.org/W2612454599","https://openalex.org/W2744703251","https://openalex.org/W2750601856","https://openalex.org/W2753365392","https://openalex.org/W2793024185","https://openalex.org/W2793118248","https://openalex.org/W2793320545","https://openalex.org/W2883386075","https://openalex.org/W2889492802","https://openalex.org/W2890010784","https://openalex.org/W2890516485","https://openalex.org/W2891810898","https://openalex.org/W2892035503","https://openalex.org/W2892381525","https://openalex.org/W2900533666","https://openalex.org/W2909693411","https://openalex.org/W2915743430","https://openalex.org/W2925510860","https://openalex.org/W2935014333","https://openalex.org/W2951213053","https://openalex.org/W2952203331","https://openalex.org/W2952511142","https://openalex.org/W2953223508","https://openalex.org/W2963757608","https://openalex.org/W2966638792","https://openalex.org/W2971009030","https://openalex.org/W2976763854","https://openalex.org/W3016064750","https://openalex.org/W3016623367","https://openalex.org/W3019657267","https://openalex.org/W3100919001","https://openalex.org/W3103367901","https://openalex.org/W3113745592","https://openalex.org/W4200307116","https://openalex.org/W6754957482"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4323824501","https://openalex.org/W2355552010","https://openalex.org/W2136687465","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W3016859066","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"RAPL":[0,18],"(Running":[1],"Average":[2],"Power":[3],"Limit)":[4],"is":[5],"a":[6,64,70,109,123,146],"hardware":[7],"feature":[8],"introduced":[9],"by":[10,84],"Intel":[11],"to":[12,56,113,131],"facilitate":[13],"power":[14,26],"management.":[15],"Even":[16],"though":[17],"and":[19,129],"its":[20],"supporting":[21],"software":[22,87],"interfaces":[23],"can":[24,53,75,104],"benefit":[25],"management":[27],"significantly,":[28],"they":[29],"are":[30],"unfortunately":[31],"designed":[32],"without":[33],"taking":[34],"certain":[35],"security":[36,151],"issues":[37],"into":[38,149],"careful":[39],"consideration.":[40],"In":[41,153],"this":[42],"paper,":[43],"we":[44,61,94,155],"demonstrate":[45],"that":[46,103],"information":[47],"leaked":[48],"through":[49],"RAPL-induced":[50],"side":[51],"channels":[52],"be":[54],"exploited":[55],"mount":[57],"realistic":[58],"attacks.":[59],"Specifically,":[60],"have":[62,95],"constructed":[63],"new":[65],"RAPL-based":[66,99],"covert":[67],"channel":[68],"using":[69,122,140],"single":[71],"AVX":[72],"instruction,":[73],"which":[74],"exfiltrate":[76],"data":[77],"across":[78],"different":[79],"boundaries":[80],"(e.g.,":[81],"those":[82],"established":[83],"containers":[85],"in":[86,91,115,133],"or":[88,127],"even":[89],"CPUs":[90],"hardware);":[92],"and,":[93],"investigated":[96],"the":[97,116,119,134,137],"first":[98],"website":[100],"fingerprinting":[101],"technique":[102],"identify":[105],"visited":[106],"webpages":[107],"with":[108],"high":[110],"accuracy":[111],"(up":[112],"99%":[114],"case":[117,135],"of":[118,136],"regular":[120],"network":[121,139],"browser":[124],"like":[125],"Chrome":[126],"Safari,":[128],"up":[130],"81%":[132],"anonymity":[138],"Tor).":[141],"These":[142],"two":[143],"studies":[144],"form":[145],"preliminary":[147],"examination":[148],"RAPL-imposed":[150],"implications.":[152],"addition,":[154],"discuss":[156],"some":[157],"possible":[158],"countermeasures.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}