{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3120623256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3432590","title":"Probabilistic Estimation of Threat Intrusion in Embedded Systems for Runtime Detection","display_name":"Probabilistic Estimation of Threat Intrusion in Embedded Systems for Runtime Detection","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3120623256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3432590","mag":"3120623256"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3432590","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3432590","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3432590","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3432590","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060121160","display_name":"Nadir Carre\u00f3n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2919-537X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nadir A. Carreon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070687408","display_name":"Sixing Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6514-4844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sixing Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015269679","display_name":"Roman Lysecky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5000-0848"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roman Lysecky","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060121160"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8398,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77705977,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"27"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8764139413833618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.8162126541137695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.6973690390586853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-call","display_name":"System call","score":0.5714812278747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.5574406385421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.5273650288581848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4647497534751892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-paradox","display_name":"False positive paradox","score":0.4497140645980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.43659859895706177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.43042299151420593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.426803320646286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/granularity","display_name":"Granularity","score":0.41902005672454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3530007600784302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3460693657398224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3241409659385681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2760095000267029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.19883784651756287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.17832747101783752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.14809101819992065}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8764139413833618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.8162126541137695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.6973690390586853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778579508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q722192","display_name":"System call","level":2,"score":0.5714812278747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5574406385421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.5273650288581848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4647497534751892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.4497140645980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.43659859895706177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.43042299151420593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.426803320646286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177774035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1246948","display_name":"Granularity","level":2,"score":0.41902005672454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3530007600784302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3460693657398224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3241409659385681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2760095000267029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.19883784651756287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17832747101783752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.14809101819992065}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3432590","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3432590","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3432590","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3432590","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3432590","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3432590","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1142403411","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"15890","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1700363161","display_name":"TWC: Small: Time-Centric Modeling of Correct Behaviors for Efficient Non-intrusive Runtime Detection of Unauthorized System Actions","funder_award_id":"1615890","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5653314902","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1615890","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3120623256.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3120623256.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970001627","https://openalex.org/W2046163812","https://openalex.org/W2063705570","https://openalex.org/W2076285066","https://openalex.org/W2115106602","https://openalex.org/W2118020555","https://openalex.org/W2122646361","https://openalex.org/W2135776194","https://openalex.org/W2162036626","https://openalex.org/W2165904667","https://openalex.org/W2315350509","https://openalex.org/W2323336488","https://openalex.org/W2535919346","https://openalex.org/W2773129630","https://openalex.org/W2926997059","https://openalex.org/W3007346474","https://openalex.org/W3026417138","https://openalex.org/W4214872582","https://openalex.org/W4234872648","https://openalex.org/W4251382119"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975357770","https://openalex.org/W2439951656","https://openalex.org/W1998188341","https://openalex.org/W1573526548","https://openalex.org/W2385758958","https://openalex.org/W2183313954","https://openalex.org/W4360982091","https://openalex.org/W1969635302","https://openalex.org/W3176864451","https://openalex.org/W2053632570"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"billions":[1],"of":[2,14,22,125,148,151,174,190,197,263],"networked":[3],"connected":[4,245],"embedded":[5,15,49],"systems,":[6],"the":[7,12,60,85,95,123,138,149,161,188,200,209,217,261,264],"security":[8,39],"historically":[9],"provided":[10],"by":[11,80,93],"isolation":[13],"systems":[16],"is":[17,71,184],"no":[18,42],"longer":[19,43],"sufficient.":[20],"Millions":[21],"new":[23],"malware":[24,79,92,105,191,255],"are":[25,32,41,67,206],"created":[26],"every":[27],"month":[28],"and":[29,63,195,203,238,251],"zero-day":[30],"attacks":[31,56],"becoming":[33],"an":[34,220,247],"increasing":[35],"concern.":[36],"Therefore,":[37],"proactive":[38,61],"measures":[40],"enough":[44],"to":[45,48,77,107,186,212,223,231],"provide":[46,144],"protection":[47,102],"systems.":[50],"Instead,":[51],"reactive":[52,74],"approaches":[53,135],"that":[54,57],"detect":[55,78],"can":[58],"circumvent":[59],"defenses":[62],"react":[64],"upon":[65],"them":[66],"needed.":[68],"Anomaly-based":[69],"detection":[70,90,115],"a":[72,145,156,243],"common":[73],"approach":[75],"employed":[76],"monitoring":[81,94],"anomalous":[82],"deviations":[83],"in":[84,167,177,227],"system":[86,129,225],"execution.":[87],"Timing-based":[88],"anomaly":[89,109,114],"detects":[91],"system's":[96],"internal":[97],"timing,":[98],"which":[99,229],"offers":[100],"unique":[101],"against":[103],"mimicry":[104,254],"compared":[106],"sequence-based":[108],"detection.":[110],"However,":[111],"previous":[112],"timing-based":[113],"methods":[116],"focus":[117],"on":[118,234],"each":[119],"operation":[120],"independently":[121],"at":[122,257],"granularity":[124],"tasks,":[126],"function":[127],"calls,":[128,130],"or":[131],"basic":[132],"blocks.":[133],"These":[134],"neither":[136],"consider":[137],"entire":[139],"software":[140,168],"execution":[141,165,179],"path":[142],"nor":[143],"quantitative":[146],"estimate":[147,187],"presence":[150,189],"malware.":[152],"This":[153],"article":[154,218],"presents":[155,219],"novel":[157],"model":[158],"for":[159,164,192],"specifying":[160],"normal":[162],"timing":[163,175],"paths":[166],"applications":[169],"using":[170],"cumulative":[171],"distribution":[172],"functions":[173],"data":[176],"sliding":[178],"windows.":[180],"A":[181],"probabilistic":[182],"formulation":[183],"used":[185],"individual":[193],"operations":[194,198,230],"sequences":[196],"within":[199],"paths.":[201],"Operation":[202],"path-based":[204],"thresholds":[205],"determined":[207],"during":[208],"training":[210],"process":[211],"minimize":[213],"false":[214],"positives.":[215],"Finally,":[216],"optimization":[221,236],"method":[222],"assist":[224],"developers":[226],"selecting":[228],"monitor":[232],"based":[233],"different":[235,258],"goals":[237],"constraints.":[239],"Experimental":[240],"results":[241],"with":[242],"smart":[244],"pacemaker,":[246],"unmanned":[248],"aerial":[249],"vehicle,":[250],"seven":[252],"sophisticated":[253],"implemented":[256],"levels":[259],"demonstrate":[260],"effectiveness":[262],"proposed":[265],"approach.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
