{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3132464834","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3431920.3439475","title":"Classifying Computations on Multi-Tenant FPGAs","display_name":"Classifying Computations on Multi-Tenant FPGAs","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3132464834","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3431920.3439475","mag":"3132464834"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3431920.3439475","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3431920.3439475","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 2021 ACM/SIGDA International Symposium on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-abstract","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt2gb2d4rn/qt2gb2d4rn.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052894828","display_name":"Mustafa Gobulukoglu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5825-5300"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mustafa Gobulukoglu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051672481","display_name":"Colin Drewes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5936-033X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Colin Drewes","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049844365","display_name":"Bill Hunter","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482740","display_name":"Georgia Tech Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04qfrh333","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I4388482740"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bill Hunter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I4388482740"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021087747","display_name":"Dustin Richmond","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4587-8947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dustin Richmond","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000231774","display_name":"Ryan Kastner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9062-5570"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan Kastner","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"227","last_page":"227"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8025513291358948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microblaze","display_name":"MicroBlaze","score":0.7551742792129517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7448101043701172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.6060003638267517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5737327337265015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5555638074874878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.5294073820114136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5242191553115845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5151692628860474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.4468633532524109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3547670245170593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1672878861427307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.15103355050086975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10796824097633362}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8025513291358948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777575374","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1644704","display_name":"MicroBlaze","level":3,"score":0.7551742792129517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7448101043701172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.6060003638267517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5737327337265015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5555638074874878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5294073820114136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5242191553115845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5151692628860474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.4468633532524109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3547670245170593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1672878861427307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.15103355050086975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10796824097633362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3431920.3439475","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3431920.3439475","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 2021 ACM/SIGDA International Symposium on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2gb2d4rn","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2gb2d4rn","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt2gb2d4rn/qt2gb2d4rn.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2gb2d4rn","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2gb2d4rn","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt2gb2d4rn/qt2gb2d4rn.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.7400000095367432,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3132464834.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3132464834.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2371772824","https://openalex.org/W2350519679","https://openalex.org/W2169881414","https://openalex.org/W2042843335","https://openalex.org/W2108598117","https://openalex.org/W634388121","https://openalex.org/W2181598986","https://openalex.org/W2376312311","https://openalex.org/W2354823813","https://openalex.org/W1975283619"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"data":[1],"centers":[2],"leverage":[3],"large":[4],"FPGAs":[5],"to":[6,22,30,78,85,149],"provide":[7],"low":[8,13],"latency,":[9],"high":[10],"throughput,":[11],"and":[12,96,110,163,165,170],"energy":[14],"computation.":[15],"FPGA":[16,50],"multi-tenancy":[17],"is":[18,83,127,143,155],"an":[19],"attractive":[20],"option":[21],"maximize":[23],"utilization,":[24],"yet":[25],"it":[26],"opens":[27],"the":[28,45,65,92,101,104],"door":[29],"unique":[31,55],"security":[32],"threats.":[33],"In":[34],"this":[35],"work,":[36],"we":[37,121,146],"develop":[38],"a":[39,54,79,139,152],"remote":[40],"classification":[41,80,115],"pipeline":[42,81],"that":[43,60,82,113,120],"targets":[44],"confidentiality":[46],"of":[47,94,103],"multi-tenant":[48],"cloud":[49],"environments.":[51],"We":[52,99,132],"design":[53],"Dual-Edged":[56],"voltage":[57],"fluctuation":[58],"sensor":[59,74],"measures":[61],"subtle":[62],"changes":[63],"in":[64],"power":[66,140],"distribution":[67],"network":[68],"caused":[69],"by":[70],"co-located":[71,89],"computations.":[72],"The":[73],"measurements":[75],"are":[76,147],"given":[77],"able":[84,148],"deduce":[86],"information":[87],"about":[88],"applications":[90],"including":[91],"type":[93],"computation":[95],"its":[97],"implementation.":[98],"study":[100],"importance":[102],"trace":[105],"length,":[106],"signal":[107],"conditioning":[108],"algorithms,":[109],"other":[111],"aspects":[112],"affect":[114],"accuracy.":[116,131],"Our":[117],"results":[118],"show":[119],"can":[122,133],"determine":[123,150],"if":[124,151],"another":[125],"co-tenant":[126],"present":[128],"with":[129,135],"96%":[130],"classify":[134],"98%":[136],"accuracy":[137],"whether":[138],"waster":[141],"circuit":[142],"operating.":[144],"Furthermore,":[145],"cryptographic":[153,160],"operation":[154],"occurring,":[156],"differentiate":[157],"between":[158],"different":[159],"algorithms":[161],"(AES":[162],"PRESENT)":[164],"microarchitectural":[166],"implementations":[167],"(Microblaze,":[168],"ORCA,":[169],"PicoRV32).":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
