{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3175356677","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3430665.3456320","title":"Are Working Habits Different Between Well-Performing and at-Risk Students in Online Project-Based Courses?","display_name":"Are Working Habits Different Between Well-Performing and at-Risk Students in Online Project-Based Courses?","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3175356677","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3430665.3456320","mag":"3175356677"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3430665.3456320","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3430665.3456320","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3430665.3456320","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 26th ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 1","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3430665.3456320","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088218172","display_name":"Mingxiao An","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingxiao An","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100659999","display_name":"Hongyi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3408-2959"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077762937","display_name":"Jarom\u00edr \u0160avelka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3674-5456"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaromir Savelka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100520048","display_name":"Shijie Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shijie Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026486394","display_name":"Christopher Bogart","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8581-115X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris Bogart","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001245246","display_name":"Majd Sakr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5150-8259"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Majd Sakr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.316,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.45192099,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"324","last_page":"330"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9079999923706055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10162","display_name":"Online and Blended Learning","score":0.9039999842643738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6105026602745056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interim","display_name":"Interim","score":0.5909152030944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grading","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","score":0.5304139256477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proxy","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","score":0.4447958171367645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.43592098355293274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","score":0.4181937873363495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.41064342856407166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2893446385860443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.17117872834205627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11412319540977478}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6105026602745056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776957806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895105","display_name":"Interim","level":2,"score":0.5909152030944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5304139256477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4447958171367645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.43592098355293274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.4181937873363495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.41064342856407166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2893446385860443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.17117872834205627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11412319540977478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3430665.3456320","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3430665.3456320","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3430665.3456320","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 26th ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 1","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3430665.3456320","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3430665.3456320","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3430665.3456320","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 26th ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 1","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3175356677.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3175356677.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W48475789","https://openalex.org/W1532362926","https://openalex.org/W1541509707","https://openalex.org/W1569085481","https://openalex.org/W1741657303","https://openalex.org/W1936925401","https://openalex.org/W1967899510","https://openalex.org/W2020275177","https://openalex.org/W2030912663","https://openalex.org/W2068883645","https://openalex.org/W2121044470","https://openalex.org/W2132604441","https://openalex.org/W2139145202","https://openalex.org/W2144182447","https://openalex.org/W2157857596","https://openalex.org/W2166327880","https://openalex.org/W2273136441","https://openalex.org/W2540813629","https://openalex.org/W2547001666","https://openalex.org/W2592229992","https://openalex.org/W2753974388","https://openalex.org/W2789958057","https://openalex.org/W2922339788","https://openalex.org/W2962782044","https://openalex.org/W3036728971","https://openalex.org/W3047874056","https://openalex.org/W3126645029","https://openalex.org/W3133727920","https://openalex.org/W4254182148","https://openalex.org/W4301466319"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969630132","https://openalex.org/W2901809887","https://openalex.org/W4239271673","https://openalex.org/W4242296308","https://openalex.org/W2059665379","https://openalex.org/W4396667065","https://openalex.org/W3140988586","https://openalex.org/W64094104","https://openalex.org/W4309960610","https://openalex.org/W4238637794"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,127,166],"analyze":[1],"differences":[2,205],"in":[3,83,125,206],"working":[4,109,131,220],"habits":[5,74],"between":[6],"well-performing":[7,137,215],"and":[8,54,75,100,105,138,143,161,182,200,218],"at-risk":[9,139,226],"students":[10,122,124,216,227],"using":[11],"highly-granular":[12],"data":[13,50,112,212],"collected":[14],"from":[15],"two":[16,169],"semesters":[17],"of":[18,31,91,117,120,159,171,173,180,185,195],"an":[19,57],"online":[20],"project-based,":[21],"upper-level":[22],"course":[23,96],"on":[24,221],"cloud":[25],"computing":[26],"at":[27],"a":[28,60,178,183,196,222],"US":[29],"institution":[30],"higher":[32],"education.":[33],"Such":[34],"differentiating":[35],"metrics":[36,150],"may":[37,76],"provide":[38,67],"deeper":[39],"insights":[40],"than":[41,225],"interim":[42],"grades,":[43],"which":[44,236],"are":[45,239],"oftentimes":[46],"the":[47,115,188],"only":[48],"quantifiable":[49],"that":[51,81,214],"is":[52],"captured":[53],"available":[55],"to":[56,232],"instructor":[58],"as":[59,152,190,192],"proxy":[61],"for":[62,95],"students'":[63,71,108],"learning.":[64],"Interim":[65],"grades":[66],"little":[68],"insight":[69,104],"into":[70,107],"broader":[72],"work":[73],"mask":[77],"unsustainable":[78],"learning":[79,85,93],"strategies":[80],"result":[82],"shallow":[84],"or":[86,123,164],"quickly-forgotten":[87],"skills/knowledge.":[88],"The":[89],"adoption":[90],"technology-enhanced":[92],"tools":[94],"delivery,":[97],"automatic":[98],"feedback,":[99],"grading":[101],"enable":[102],"data-informed":[103],"reflection":[106],"habits.":[110],"This":[111],"could":[113],"allow":[114],"detection":[116],"early":[118],"signs":[119],"under-prepared":[121],"crisis.":[126],"empirically":[128],"assess":[129],"what":[130],"habits,":[132],"if":[133],"any,":[134],"differ":[135],"among":[136],"students.":[140],"From":[141],"clickstream":[142],"other":[144],"activity":[145],"data,":[146],"we":[147,203],"derive":[148],"22":[149],"such":[151],"time":[153],"spent":[154],"reading":[155],"project":[156,223],"write-ups,":[157],"timing":[158],"starting":[160],"finishing":[162],"work,":[163],"break-taking.":[165],"also":[167,230],"calculate":[168],"measures":[170],"consistency":[172],"each":[174],"metric":[175],"measured":[176],"by":[177],"coefficient":[179],"variance":[181,184],"ranking":[186],"over":[187],"semester":[189],"well":[191],"outlier":[193],"behavior":[194,208],"student.":[197],"Using":[198],"Z-test":[199],"Kolmogorov-Smirnov":[201],"test,":[202],"confirm":[204],"multiple":[207],"patterns.":[209],"Notably,":[210],"our":[211],"suggest":[213],"start":[217],"finish":[219],"earlier":[224],"but":[228],"they":[229,238],"tend":[231],"have":[233],"fewer":[234],"submissions":[235],"indicate":[237],"more":[240],"thoughtful":[241],"about":[242],"feedback.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}