{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3116264757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3430199.3430237","title":"Improved multiple watermarking algorithm for Medical Images","display_name":"Improved multiple watermarking algorithm for Medical Images","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3116264757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3430199.3430237","mag":"3116264757"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3430199.3430237","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3430199.3430237","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2020 3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018185074","display_name":"Muhammad Usman Shoukat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8543-8439"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64852412","display_name":"Sichuan University of Science and Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/053fzma23","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64852412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Usman Shoukat","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation and Information, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, china Artificial Intelligence Key Laboratory of Sichuan province, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, yibin, china"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation and Information, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, china Artificial Intelligence Key Laboratory of Sichuan province, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, yibin, china","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64852412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061187994","display_name":"Uzair Aslam Bhatti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8743-2783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152031979","display_name":"Nanjing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/036trcv74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152031979"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Uzair Aslam Bhatti","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography (Remote Sensing Lab), Nanjing Normal University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography (Remote Sensing Lab), Nanjing Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152031979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046497712","display_name":"Yiqiang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9255-7831"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64852412","display_name":"Sichuan University of Science and Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/053fzma23","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64852412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Yiqiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation and Information, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, china Artificial Intelligence Key Laboratory of Sichuan province, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, yibin, china"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation and Information, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, china Artificial Intelligence Key Laboratory of Sichuan province, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, yibin, china","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64852412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103082597","display_name":"Anum Mehmood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6524-1714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anum Mehmood","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing Jiangsu China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing Jiangsu China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091351481","display_name":"Saqib Ali Nawaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3342-7874"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saqib Ali Nawaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069906898","display_name":"Raza Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7953-2269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raza Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018185074"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64852412"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2945,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58761857,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"152","last_page":"156"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.9389828443527222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.9153602123260498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalized-normal-distribution","display_name":"Generalized normal distribution","score":0.7298615574836731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-cosine-transform","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","score":0.6435124278068542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-noise","display_name":"Gaussian noise","score":0.5346495509147644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5317610502243042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5030693411827087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4870936870574951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.45267534255981445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.45020240545272827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4433264434337616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.4363687038421631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detection-theory","display_name":"Detection theory","score":0.42747771739959717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.42017993330955505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4059414863586426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3903033435344696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.3609929084777832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.21135038137435913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normal-distribution","display_name":"Normal distribution","score":0.18660926818847656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1085214614868164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.9389828443527222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.9153602123260498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171383496","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2497477","display_name":"Generalized normal distribution","level":3,"score":0.7298615574836731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2221639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2877","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","level":3,"score":0.6435124278068542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4199805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725903","display_name":"Gaussian noise","level":2,"score":0.5346495509147644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5317610502243042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5030693411827087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4870936870574951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.45267534255981445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.45020240545272827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4433264434337616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.4363687038421631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137270730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120811","display_name":"Detection theory","level":3,"score":0.42747771739959717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.42017993330955505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4059414863586426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3903033435344696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.3609929084777832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.21135038137435913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102094743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133871","display_name":"Normal distribution","level":2,"score":0.18660926818847656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1085214614868164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3430199.3430237","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3430199.3430237","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2020 3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2003120523","https://openalex.org/W2395749704","https://openalex.org/W2603838310","https://openalex.org/W2902796369","https://openalex.org/W2909070191","https://openalex.org/W2948364869","https://openalex.org/W2959966924","https://openalex.org/W2977165909","https://openalex.org/W2986053706","https://openalex.org/W3007475496","https://openalex.org/W3143272800","https://openalex.org/W4242645401","https://openalex.org/W6685014904","https://openalex.org/W6763465599","https://openalex.org/W6986916072"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967073369","https://openalex.org/W2080497454","https://openalex.org/W2281180546","https://openalex.org/W2593105627","https://openalex.org/W2005522487","https://openalex.org/W2382123966","https://openalex.org/W2124919945","https://openalex.org/W1607262223","https://openalex.org/W2378015512","https://openalex.org/W1974075201"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"At":[0],"present,":[1],"most":[2],"watermarking":[3,153],"algorithms":[4],"use":[5],"linear":[6],"correlation":[7],"method":[8,38],"to":[9,34,83],"detect":[10],"watermarks.":[11],"However,":[12],"when":[13],"the":[14,21,25,31,64,77,90,115,123,140,149,159,165],"original":[15],"media":[16,32,170],"signal":[17,55,107],"does":[18],"not":[19,28],"obey":[20],"Gaussian":[22,79],"distribution,":[23],"or":[24],"watermark":[26,47,50,91,127,142],"is":[27,52,81,94,112,130,134],"embedded":[29,126],"into":[30,96],"object":[33],"be":[35,162],"protected,":[36],"this":[37,59],"has":[39,144],"certain":[40],"problems.":[41],"The":[42,102,132,136],"imperceptibility":[43],"constraint":[44],"of":[45,67,105,119,152,168],"digital":[46,169],"determines":[48],"that":[49,139],"detection":[51,56,92,108,117,128,146,151],"a":[53,97],"weak":[54,106],"problem.":[57,101],"Using":[58],"feature,":[60],"firstly,":[61],"based":[62],"on":[63],"statistical":[65,86],"characteristics":[66],"DCT":[68],"(discrete":[69,74],"cosine":[70],"transform)":[71],"and":[72,122],"DWT":[73],"wavelet":[75],"transform),":[76],"generalized":[78],"distribution":[80,87],"used":[82,113],"establish":[84],"its":[85],"model.":[88],"Then,":[89],"problem":[93],"transformed":[95],"binary":[98],"hypothesis":[99],"test":[100],"basic":[103],"theory":[104],"in":[109,164],"non-Gaussian":[110],"noise":[111],"as":[114],"theoretical":[116],"model":[118],"multiplication":[120],"watermarking,":[121],"optimized":[124],"multiply":[125],"algorithm":[129,133],"derived.":[131],"tested.":[135],"results":[137],"show":[138],"proposed":[141],"detector":[143,160],"good":[145],"performance":[147],"for":[148],"blind":[150],"with":[154],"unknown":[155],"embedding":[156],"strength.":[157],"Therefore,":[158],"can":[161],"applied":[163],"copyright":[166],"protection":[167],"data.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-04T09:10:02.777135","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}