{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3161249521","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3429441","title":"Multi-Tier CloudVR","display_name":"Multi-Tier CloudVR","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3161249521","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3429441","mag":"3161249521"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3429441","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3429441","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3429441","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3429441","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090794823","display_name":"Abbas Mehrabi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-0882"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abbas Mehrabi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043930285","display_name":"Matti Siekkinen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0423-1060"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matti Siekkinen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061086814","display_name":"Teemu K\u00e4m\u00e4r\u00e4inen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4685-6763"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teemu K\u00e4m\u00e4r\u00e4inen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108747348","display_name":"Antti yl \u0308-J \u0308 \u0308ski","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antti yl\u00a8-J\u00a8\u00a8ski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":{"value":1477,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1592},"fwci":3.4489,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93799658,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"24"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10741","display_name":"Video Coding and Compression Technologies","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8439046144485474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viewport","display_name":"Viewport","score":0.8336861729621887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.7044099569320679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alternate-frame-rendering","display_name":"Alternate frame rendering","score":0.4848395586013794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.47315940260887146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-rendering","display_name":"Parallel rendering","score":0.46902647614479065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-experience","display_name":"Quality of experience","score":0.44104188680648804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.428158700466156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-rendering","display_name":"Software rendering","score":0.4273180663585663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-rendering","display_name":"Real-time rendering","score":0.4227978587150574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.3281596899032593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics","display_name":"Graphics","score":0.29617297649383545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.27464061975479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-computer-graphics","display_name":"3D computer graphics","score":0.2283150851726532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.22820016741752625}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8439046144485474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778090530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2523931","display_name":"Viewport","level":2,"score":0.8336861729621887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.7044099569320679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97431224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q438393","display_name":"Alternate frame rendering","level":5,"score":0.4848395586013794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.47315940260887146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186772499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7135017","display_name":"Parallel rendering","level":3,"score":0.46902647614479065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779333187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3132648","display_name":"Quality of experience","level":3,"score":0.44104188680648804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.428158700466156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109772839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297645","display_name":"Software rendering","level":4,"score":0.4273180663585663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116921373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2816483","display_name":"Real-time rendering","level":3,"score":0.4227978587150574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.3281596899032593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879","display_name":"Graphics","level":2,"score":0.29617297649383545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.27464061975479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66629338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189177","display_name":"3D computer graphics","level":3,"score":0.2283150851726532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.22820016741752625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3429441","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3429441","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3429441","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:nrl.northumbria.ac.uk:44842","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401884","display_name":"Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","host_organization_name":"Northumbria University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:helda.helsinki.fi:10138/332473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10138/332473","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10138/332473","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213322","display_name":"Ty\u00f6v\u00e4entutkimus Vuosikirja","issn_l":"0784-1272","issn":["0784-1272","1459-7780"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/109867","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/d027cf2f-542d-493d-ba97-6dc26ff17b62","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401662","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3429441","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3429441","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3429441","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4000000059604645}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3161249521.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3161249521.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1423800196","https://openalex.org/W1968382540","https://openalex.org/W1976348146","https://openalex.org/W1986570368","https://openalex.org/W2047770478","https://openalex.org/W2167407752","https://openalex.org/W2399279513","https://openalex.org/W2404593330","https://openalex.org/W2468651315","https://openalex.org/W2482797934","https://openalex.org/W2523094016","https://openalex.org/W2526384825","https://openalex.org/W2574646329","https://openalex.org/W2585813514","https://openalex.org/W2602023803","https://openalex.org/W2620871200","https://openalex.org/W2622637199","https://openalex.org/W2762989410","https://openalex.org/W2765883820","https://openalex.org/W2784711283","https://openalex.org/W2799932776","https://openalex.org/W2801125139","https://openalex.org/W2810002837","https://openalex.org/W2891466528","https://openalex.org/W2891611393","https://openalex.org/W2896076858","https://openalex.org/W2906364736","https://openalex.org/W2949461735","https://openalex.org/W2952768267","https://openalex.org/W2967871040","https://openalex.org/W3160502863"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2407724398","https://openalex.org/W2112265557","https://openalex.org/W2046444055","https://openalex.org/W2156603439","https://openalex.org/W2367893083","https://openalex.org/W4298632635","https://openalex.org/W2112386626","https://openalex.org/W2366215510","https://openalex.org/W2103494593","https://openalex.org/W1581864919"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,81,190],"availability":[1],"of":[2,22,45,56,74,76,83,131,165,192,217,226,234],"high":[3],"bandwidth":[4],"with":[5],"low-latency":[6],"communication":[7],"in":[8,25,116,224,232],"5G":[9],"mobile":[10],"networks":[11],"enables":[12],"remote":[13,57,118],"rendered":[14,119],"real-time":[15],"virtual":[16],"reality":[17],"(VR)":[18],"applications.":[19],"Remote":[20],"rendering":[21,37,58,63,93],"VR":[23,47],"graphics":[24,36,41],"a":[26,64,94,203],"cloud":[27,115],"removes":[28],"the":[29,52,72,77,84,113,123,132,141,151,160,174,215],"need":[30],"for":[31,35],"local":[32],"personal":[33],"computer":[34],"and":[38,97,127,129,147,169,181,209,222,230,242],"augments":[39],"weak":[40],"processing":[42],"unit":[43],"capacity":[44],"stand-alone":[46],"headsets.":[48],"However,":[49],"to":[50,106,111,138,172,176,187,238],"prevent":[51],"added":[53],"network":[54],"latency":[55,91,126,171,229],"from":[59],"ruining":[60],"user":[61,198],"experience,":[62],"locally":[65],"navigable":[66],"viewport":[67,85,96],"that":[68,201],"is":[69,79,137],"larger":[70,95],"than":[71],"field":[73,164],"view":[75,166],"HMD":[78],"necessary.":[80],"size":[82,168],"required":[86],"depends":[87],"on":[88,218],"latency:":[89],"Longer":[90],"requires":[92],"streaming":[98],"more":[99],"content.":[100],"In":[101],"this":[102],"article,":[103],"we":[104,158],"aim":[105],"utilize":[107],"multi-access":[108],"edge":[109],"computing":[110],"assist":[112],"backend":[114],"such":[117],"interactive":[120],"VR.":[121],"Given":[122],"dependency":[124],"between":[125,143,162,206],"amount":[128],"quality":[130,146,208,236],"content":[133],"streamed,":[134],"our":[135,193,211],"objective":[136],"jointly":[139],"optimize":[140],"tradeoff":[142],"average":[144,219],"video":[145,207,227,235],"delivery":[148,228],"latency.":[149],"Formulating":[150],"problem":[152,175],"as":[153],"mixed":[154],"integer":[155,177],"nonlinear":[156,178],"programming,":[157],"leverage":[159],"interpolation":[161],"client\u2019s":[163],"frame":[167],"overall":[170],"convert":[173],"programming":[179],"model":[180],"then":[182],"design":[183],"efficient":[184],"online":[185],"algorithms":[186],"solve":[188],"it.":[189],"results":[191],"simulations":[194],"supplemented":[195],"by":[196],"real-world":[197],"data":[199],"reveal":[200],"enabling":[202],"desired":[204],"balance":[205],"latency,":[210],"algorithm":[212],"particularly":[213],"achieves":[214],"improvements":[216],"about":[220],"22%":[221],"12%":[223],"term":[225,233],"8%":[231],"compared":[237],"respectively":[239],"order-of-arrival,":[240],"threshold-based,":[241],"random-location":[243],"strategies.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-04T08:18:43.703281","created_date":"2021-05-24T00:00:00"}
