{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3082737479","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3428334","title":"Magma","display_name":"Magma","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3082737479","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3428334","mag":"3082737479"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3428334","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3428334","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193547","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems","issn_l":"2476-1249","issn":["2476-1249"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.01120","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052068032","display_name":"Ahmad Hazimeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4191-7395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Hazimeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050996934","display_name":"Adrian Herrera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9234-1694"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1303474014","display_name":"Defence Science and Technology Group","ror":"https://ror.org/05ddrvt52","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303474014","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I3139952251"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adrian Herrera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Australian National University &amp; Defence Science and Technology Group, Canberra, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Australian National University &amp; Defence Science and Technology Group, Canberra, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636","https://openalex.org/I1303474014"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065116578","display_name":"Mathias Payer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5054-7547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mathias Payer","raw_affiliation_strings":["EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":24.7176,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":156,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9948793,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"29"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzz-testing","display_name":"Fuzz testing","score":0.9640501737594604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8653500080108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.7863894701004028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5580182075500488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.49375972151756287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-bug","display_name":"Software bug","score":0.4687162935733795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debugging","display_name":"Debugging","score":0.43041738867759705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.42835062742233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.4278530478477478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.23919343948364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.18209195137023926}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111065885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189053","display_name":"Fuzz testing","level":3,"score":0.9640501737594604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8653500080108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.7863894701004028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5580182075500488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.49375972151756287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1009929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179550","display_name":"Software bug","level":3,"score":0.4687162935733795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.43041738867759705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.42835062742233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.4278530478477478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.23919343948364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.18209195137023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3428334","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3428334","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193547","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems","issn_l":"2476-1249","issn":["2476-1249"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2009.01120","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2009.01120","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.01120","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2009.01120","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2009.01120","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.01120","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3514017971","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"850868","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338352","funder_display_name":"FP7 Ideas: European Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4779416514","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"850868","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338352","display_name":"FP7 Ideas: European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3082737479.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3082737479.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1878544538","https://openalex.org/W1964962870","https://openalex.org/W1973831620","https://openalex.org/W1979300931","https://openalex.org/W2065948900","https://openalex.org/W2078924106","https://openalex.org/W2107668421","https://openalex.org/W2128128820","https://openalex.org/W2128985333","https://openalex.org/W2134633067","https://openalex.org/W2160401437","https://openalex.org/W2166091242","https://openalex.org/W2168654016","https://openalex.org/W2294798173","https://openalex.org/W2514974017","https://openalex.org/W2515236103","https://openalex.org/W2515650212","https://openalex.org/W2517087431","https://openalex.org/W2535617737","https://openalex.org/W2574017551","https://openalex.org/W2626262528","https://openalex.org/W2701082322","https://openalex.org/W2701225458","https://openalex.org/W2741068848","https://openalex.org/W2752340395","https://openalex.org/W2757104921","https://openalex.org/W2780532113","https://openalex.org/W2795192879","https://openalex.org/W2888875512","https://openalex.org/W2898930465","https://openalex.org/W2911233971","https://openalex.org/W2914630606","https://openalex.org/W2951091523","https://openalex.org/W2955855305","https://openalex.org/W2963298680","https://openalex.org/W2963350015","https://openalex.org/W2963934162","https://openalex.org/W2964097210","https://openalex.org/W2964241064","https://openalex.org/W2965536399","https://openalex.org/W2979357014","https://openalex.org/W2995247483","https://openalex.org/W3005566493","https://openalex.org/W3017338730","https://openalex.org/W3017944659","https://openalex.org/W3026664326","https://openalex.org/W3036266772","https://openalex.org/W3045351262","https://openalex.org/W3048197573","https://openalex.org/W3080813264","https://openalex.org/W3089794841","https://openalex.org/W3104664063","https://openalex.org/W3106010854","https://openalex.org/W3109101477","https://openalex.org/W3109716606","https://openalex.org/W3128535025","https://openalex.org/W3141898517","https://openalex.org/W4239813889","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4289038676","https://openalex.org/W4293241248","https://openalex.org/W4315746341"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W614438062","https://openalex.org/W2113265763","https://openalex.org/W2740264376","https://openalex.org/W3173990398","https://openalex.org/W4206999239","https://openalex.org/W4205454537","https://openalex.org/W4381785649","https://openalex.org/W4385301282","https://openalex.org/W4226494072","https://openalex.org/W4287849816"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"High":[0],"scalability":[1],"and":[2,44,56,108,164,185,200,209,229],"low":[3],"running":[4],"costs":[5],"have":[6],"made":[7],"fuzz":[8],"testing":[9],"the":[10,29,41,52,62,75,120,138,146,194,206,220],"de":[11],"facto":[12],"standard":[13],"for":[14,119],"discovering":[15],"software":[16],"bugs.":[17],"Fuzzing":[18],"techniques":[19],"are":[20],"constantly":[21],"being":[22],"improved":[23],"in":[24,40,71,84,225],"a":[25,78,99,126,159,168],"race":[26],"to":[27,51,69,170],"build":[28],"ultimate":[30],"bug-finding":[31],"tool.":[32],"However,":[33],"while":[34],"fuzzing":[35,101],"excels":[36],"at":[37],"finding":[38],"bugs":[39,113,197],"wild,":[42],"evaluating":[43],"comparing":[45],"fuzzer":[46,106,216],"performance":[47,65,142,217],"is":[48,149],"challenging":[49],"due":[50,68],"lack":[53,76],"of":[54,77,81,123,129,140,145,154,161,196,222],"metrics":[55,143],"benchmarks.":[57],"For":[58],"example,":[59],"crash":[60],"count---perhaps":[61],"most":[63],"commonly-used":[64],"metric---is":[66],"inaccurate":[67],"imperfections":[70],"deduplication":[72],"techniques.":[73],"Additionally,":[74],"unified":[79],"set":[80,128],"targets":[82,156],"results":[83],"ad":[85],"hoc":[86],"evaluations":[87],"that":[88,103,157],"hinder":[89],"fair":[90],"comparison.":[91,109],"We":[92,173],"tackle":[93],"these":[94,133],"problems":[95],"by":[96],"developing":[97],"Magma,":[98],"ground-truth":[100],"benchmark":[102,152],"enables":[104,137],"uniform":[105],"evaluation":[107,122],"By":[110,131],"introducing":[111],"real":[112,115],"into":[114,215],"software,":[116],"Magma":[117,135,148,188],"allows":[118],"realistic":[121],"fuzzers":[124,178],"against":[125,187],"broad":[127],"targets.":[130],"instrumenting":[132],"bugs,":[134],"also":[136],"collection":[139],"bug-centric":[141],"independent":[144],"fuzzer.":[147],"an":[150],"open":[151],"consisting":[153],"seven":[155,175],"perform":[158],"variety":[160],"input":[162],"manipulations":[163],"complex":[165],"computations,":[166],"presenting":[167],"challenge":[169],"state-of-the-art":[171],"fuzzers.":[172],"evaluate":[174],"widely-used":[176],"mutation-based":[177],"(AFL,":[179],"AFLFast,":[180],"AFL++,":[181],"FairFuzz,":[182],"MOpt-AFL,":[183],"honggfuzz,":[184],"SymCC-AFL)":[186],"over":[189],"200,000":[190],"CPU-hours.":[191],"Based":[192],"on":[193],"number":[195],"reached,":[198],"triggered,":[199],"detected,":[201],"we":[202],"draw":[203],"conclusions":[204],"about":[205],"fuzzers'":[207],"exploration":[208],"detection":[210],"capabilities.":[211],"This":[212],"provides":[213],"insight":[214],"evaluation,":[218],"highlighting":[219],"importance":[221],"ground":[223],"truth":[224],"performing":[226],"more":[227],"accurate":[228],"meaningful":[230],"evaluations.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2020-09-08T00:00:00"}
