{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2926374695","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3428208","title":"Scaling exact inference for discrete probabilistic programs","display_name":"Scaling exact inference for discrete probabilistic programs","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2926374695","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3428208","mag":"2926374695"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3428208","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3428208","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3428208","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3428208","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066166509","display_name":"Steven Holtzen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8190-5412"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Holtzen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at Los Angeles, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Los Angeles, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009539513","display_name":"Guy Van den Broeck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3434-2503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guy Van den Broeck","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at Los Angeles, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Los Angeles, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014067492","display_name":"Todd Millstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2031-1514"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Todd Millstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at Los Angeles, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Los Angeles, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.9591,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":83,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95961723,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"OOPSLA","first_page":"1","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.8248101472854614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.7775024175643921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6790978312492371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.5882695317268372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dice","display_name":"Dice","score":0.4800761342048645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-relevance-model","display_name":"Probabilistic relevance model","score":0.465585857629776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denotational-semantics","display_name":"Denotational semantics","score":0.45800137519836426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-analysis-of-algorithms","display_name":"Probabilistic analysis of algorithms","score":0.3959025740623474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3761051595211029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.3130195438861847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20663219690322876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.14962926506996155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operational-semantics","display_name":"Operational semantics","score":0.11357623338699341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.08452671766281128}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.8248101472854614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.7775024175643921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6790978312492371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5882695317268372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22029948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45089","display_name":"Dice","level":2,"score":0.4800761342048645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143017306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3318133","display_name":"Probabilistic relevance model","level":4,"score":0.465585857629776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207648694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189746","display_name":"Denotational semantics","level":4,"score":0.45800137519836426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24404364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246846","display_name":"Probabilistic analysis of algorithms","level":3,"score":0.3959025740623474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3761051595211029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3130195438861847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20663219690322876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.14962926506996155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156325763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930895","display_name":"Operational semantics","level":3,"score":0.11357623338699341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08452671766281128}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3428208","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3428208","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3428208","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2005.09089","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.09089","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.09089","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3428208","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3428208","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3428208","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.5699999928474426}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3312244309","display_name":"Collaborative Research: RI: AF: Medium: Exchanging Knowledge Beyond Data Between Human and Machine Learner","funder_award_id":"1956441","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4368736713","display_name":"CAREER: Towards a New Synthesis of Statistical Learning and Logical Reasoning","funder_award_id":"1943641","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6491371590","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N66001-17-2-4032","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2926374695.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2926374695.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":124,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32064870","https://openalex.org/W36707155","https://openalex.org/W88990729","https://openalex.org/W89760577","https://openalex.org/W155204799","https://openalex.org/W189719929","https://openalex.org/W634934296","https://openalex.org/W988114306","https://openalex.org/W1505477995","https://openalex.org/W1511986666","https://openalex.org/W1516111018","https://openalex.org/W1528660673","https://openalex.org/W1535430927","https://openalex.org/W1544444076","https://openalex.org/W1548442387","https://openalex.org/W1570222255","https://openalex.org/W1660562555","https://openalex.org/W1691700263","https://openalex.org/W1729198099","https://openalex.org/W1785882633","https://openalex.org/W1801737117","https://openalex.org/W1824971879","https://openalex.org/W1854944386","https://openalex.org/W1862398452","https://openalex.org/W1889548941","https://openalex.org/W1890754682","https://openalex.org/W1928668274","https://openalex.org/W1962717331","https://openalex.org/W1964821516","https://openalex.org/W1980251859","https://openalex.org/W1983128223","https://openalex.org/W1989020770","https://openalex.org/W1994143452","https://openalex.org/W2015255212","https://openalex.org/W2039784851","https://openalex.org/W2047650874","https://openalex.org/W2048025009","https://openalex.org/W2060573639","https://openalex.org/W2062818807","https://openalex.org/W2073904768","https://openalex.org/W2080267935","https://openalex.org/W2081840025","https://openalex.org/W2102233204","https://openalex.org/W2102506621","https://openalex.org/W2105197197","https://openalex.org/W2112820511","https://openalex.org/W2120340025","https://openalex.org/W2129728285","https://openalex.org/W2130514924","https://openalex.org/W2133059703","https://openalex.org/W2135394066","https://openalex.org/W2141955346","https://openalex.org/W2155049725","https://openalex.org/W2159080219","https://openalex.org/W2161290831","https://openalex.org/W2163949730","https://openalex.org/W2170694982","https://openalex.org/W2253548355","https://openalex.org/W2257860769","https://openalex.org/W2271374481","https://openalex.org/W2298292997","https://openalex.org/W2301741851","https://openalex.org/W2340735175","https://openalex.org/W2395654200","https://openalex.org/W2401003083","https://openalex.org/W2402839980","https://openalex.org/W2405828319","https://openalex.org/W2406252837","https://openalex.org/W2465254145","https://openalex.org/W2465272687","https://openalex.org/W2494200839","https://openalex.org/W2501634593","https://openalex.org/W2551925796","https://openalex.org/W2560674852","https://openalex.org/W2577537660","https://openalex.org/W2591957553","https://openalex.org/W2593267253","https://openalex.org/W2618016951","https://openalex.org/W2739264497","https://openalex.org/W2762833920","https://openalex.org/W2798317698","https://openalex.org/W2799093299","https://openalex.org/W2799169208","https://openalex.org/W2803845876","https://openalex.org/W2808311877","https://openalex.org/W2897613819","https://openalex.org/W2899099875","https://openalex.org/W2904757977","https://openalex.org/W2907096673","https://openalex.org/W2914293327","https://openalex.org/W2921051283","https://openalex.org/W2922147570","https://openalex.org/W2949437261","https://openalex.org/W2950204717","https://openalex.org/W2962994101","https://openalex.org/W2963630431","https://openalex.org/W2963977107","https://openalex.org/W2964321317","https://openalex.org/W2964332410","https://openalex.org/W2982599036","https://openalex.org/W3007301222","https://openalex.org/W3020913839","https://openalex.org/W3035202735","https://openalex.org/W3035365053","https://openalex.org/W3037484309","https://openalex.org/W3043182562","https://openalex.org/W3046395575","https://openalex.org/W3089425725","https://openalex.org/W3099451540","https://openalex.org/W3104376605","https://openalex.org/W3104977611","https://openalex.org/W4214616294","https://openalex.org/W4243718993","https://openalex.org/W4249202457","https://openalex.org/W4250551189","https://openalex.org/W4250759488","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4288334473","https://openalex.org/W4288596006","https://openalex.org/W4292080426","https://openalex.org/W4297752489","https://openalex.org/W4297805092","https://openalex.org/W4297810470","https://openalex.org/W6601471834"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2141424496","https://openalex.org/W2158105805","https://openalex.org/W2245685274","https://openalex.org/W2116733130","https://openalex.org/W3007870257","https://openalex.org/W2086532405","https://openalex.org/W2494523064","https://openalex.org/W2109606716","https://openalex.org/W2029434011","https://openalex.org/W4241515365"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Probabilistic":[0],"programming":[1,93],"languages":[2],"(PPLs)":[3],"are":[4,59,64],"an":[5,49],"expressive":[6],"means":[7],"of":[8,18,52,128,130,155,208],"representing":[9],"and":[10,76,203],"reasoning":[11,163],"about":[12],"probabilistic":[13,19,53,92,105,124,143,170,217],"models.":[14],"The":[15],"computational":[16],"challenge":[17],"inference":[20,47,122,180],"remains":[21],"the":[22,153,156,197,206],"primary":[23],"roadblock":[24],"for":[25,48,85,169],"applying":[26],"PPLs":[27],"in":[28,66,112],"practice.":[29],"Inference":[30],"is":[31,36,137],"fundamentally":[32],"hard,":[33],"so":[34],"there":[35],"no":[37],"one-size-fits":[38],"all":[39],"solution.":[40],"In":[41],"this":[42,185],"work,":[43],"we":[44],"target":[45],"scalable":[46],"important":[50],"class":[51],"programs:":[54],"those":[55],"whose":[56],"probability":[57],"distributions":[58,63],"discrete":[60,104,142],".":[61],"Discrete":[62],"common":[65],"many":[67],"fields,":[68],"including":[69],"text":[70],"analysis,":[71,78],"network":[72],"verification,":[73],"artificial":[74],"intelligence,":[75],"graph":[77],"but":[79],"they":[80],"prove":[81,184],"to":[82,102,114,119,145,165,176,181,190,213,215],"be":[83],"challenging":[84],"existing":[86],"PPLs.":[87],"We":[88,172],"develop":[89],"a":[90,99,138,191],"domain-specific":[91],"language":[94],"called":[95],"Dice":[96,108,179,212],"that":[97,167,210],"features":[98],"new":[100,139],"approach":[101],"exact":[103,121],"program":[106,110],"inference.":[107,171],"exploits":[109],"structure":[111,154,168,209],"order":[113],"factorize":[115],"inference,":[116],"enabling":[117,161],"us":[118],"perform":[120],"on":[123],"programs":[125,144],"with":[126,188],"hundreds":[127],"thousands":[129],"random":[131],"variables.":[132],"Our":[133],"key":[134],"technical":[135],"contribution":[136],"reduction":[140,151],"from":[141,158],"weighted":[146],"model":[147],"counting":[148],"(WMC).":[149],"This":[150],"separates":[152],"distribution":[157],"its":[159],"parameters,":[160],"logical":[162],"tools":[164],"exploit":[166],"(1)":[173],"show":[174],"how":[175],"compositionally":[177],"reduce":[178],"WMC,":[182],"(2)":[183],"compilation":[186],"correct":[187],"respect":[189],"denotational":[192],"semantics,":[193],"(3)":[194],"empirically":[195],"demonstrate":[196],"performance":[198],"benefits":[199],"over":[200],"prior":[201],"approaches,":[202],"(4)":[204],"analyze":[205],"types":[207],"allow":[211],"scale":[214],"large":[216],"programs.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-05T07:39:15.569665","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
