{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3092724436","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3428200","title":"Can advanced type systems be usable? An empirical study of ownership, assets, and typestate in Obsidian","display_name":"Can advanced type systems be usable? An empirical study of ownership, assets, and typestate in Obsidian","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3092724436","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3428200","mag":"3092724436"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3428200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3428200","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3428200","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3428200","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Michael Coblenz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-4069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Coblenz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jonathan Aldrich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0631-5591"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Aldrich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Brad A. Myers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4769-0219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brad A. Myers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Joshua Sunshine","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9672-5297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua Sunshine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6736,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84864477,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"OOPSLA","first_page":"1","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.3197999894618988,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.3197999894618988,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.2084999978542328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.16740000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solidity","display_name":"Solidity","score":0.8956000208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.8127999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.5888000130653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type","display_name":"Type (biology)","score":0.4440999925136566}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778362873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24909565","display_name":"Solidity","level":2,"score":0.8956000208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.8127999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6049000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.5888000130653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777299769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707858","display_name":"Type (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4440999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.35420000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.32710000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.24809999763965607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24480000138282776}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3428200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3428200","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3428200","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2003.12209","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.12209","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.12209","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3428200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3428200","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3428200","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1033856019","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS1423054, CCF1901033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322857","funder_display_name":"Aeronautical Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1553699493","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H9823018D0008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311089","funder_display_name":"National Security Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3121838699","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8702-15-D-0002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307762","display_name":"International Business Machines Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311089","display_name":"National Security Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/0047bvr32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322857","display_name":"Aeronautical Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/02wq41p38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3092724436.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3092724436.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W183953868","https://openalex.org/W1511982475","https://openalex.org/W1607623316","https://openalex.org/W1969344535","https://openalex.org/W1998344822","https://openalex.org/W2044590882","https://openalex.org/W2084315690","https://openalex.org/W2086141560","https://openalex.org/W2090655269","https://openalex.org/W2091712774","https://openalex.org/W2099424113","https://openalex.org/W2123691799","https://openalex.org/W2125381601","https://openalex.org/W2157148654","https://openalex.org/W2166716519","https://openalex.org/W2293230997","https://openalex.org/W2358692116","https://openalex.org/W2616871725","https://openalex.org/W2898460403","https://openalex.org/W2918034912","https://openalex.org/W2950294262","https://openalex.org/W2970337504","https://openalex.org/W2979374757","https://openalex.org/W3000240292","https://openalex.org/W3106677187","https://openalex.org/W6922402425"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Some":[0],"blockchain":[1],"programs":[2],"(smart":[3],"contracts)":[4],"have":[5,72],"included":[6],"serious":[7],"security":[8],"vulnerabilities.":[9,29],"Obsidian":[10,31,66,96,114,142],"is":[11,100],"a":[12,19,52],"new":[13],"typestate-oriented":[14],"programming":[15,124],"language":[16,53,102],"that":[17,113,133],"uses":[18,67],"strong":[20,47],"type":[21,48],"system":[22],"to":[23,34,37,44,54,57,68,97,118],"rule":[24],"out":[25],"some":[26],"of":[27,122],"these":[28],"Although":[30],"was":[32],"designed":[33],"promote":[35],"usability":[36,85],"make":[38],"it":[39],"as":[40,42],"easy":[41],"possible":[43],"write":[45],"programs,":[46],"systems":[49],"can":[50],"cause":[51],"be":[55],"difficult":[56],"use.":[58],"In":[59],"particular,":[60],"ownership,":[61],"typestate,":[62],"and":[63,81],"assets,":[64],"which":[65,99,141],"provide":[69],"safety":[70],"guarantees,":[71],"not":[73],"seen":[74],"broad":[75],"adoption":[76],"together":[77],"in":[78,83],"popular":[79],"languages":[80],"result":[82],"significant":[84],"challenges.":[86],"We":[87,111,130],"performed":[88],"an":[89],"empirical":[90],"study":[91],"with":[92],"20":[93],"participants":[94,115,136],"comparing":[95],"Solidity,":[98],"the":[101,123,127,134],"most":[103],"commonly":[104,137],"used":[105],"for":[106],"writing":[107],"smart":[108],"contracts":[109],"today.":[110],"observed":[112],"were":[116],"able":[117],"successfully":[119],"complete":[120],"more":[121],"tasks":[125],"than":[126],"Solidity":[128,135],"participants.":[129],"also":[131],"found":[132],"inserted":[138],"asset-related":[139],"bugs,":[140],"detects":[143],"at":[144],"compile":[145],"time.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2020-10-22T00:00:00"}