{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3107025682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3428091","title":"Online Xenophobic Behavior Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic","display_name":"Online Xenophobic Behavior Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3107025682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3428091","mag":"3107025682"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3428091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3428091","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3428091","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232200","display_name":"Digital Government Research and Practice","issn_l":"2639-0175","issn":["2639-0175","2691-199X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Government: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3428091","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089793938","display_name":"Roy Ka-Wei Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1986-7750"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Roy Ka-Wei Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore University of Technology and Design"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1986-7750","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106667230","display_name":"Zhi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3980-1089"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32625721","display_name":"University of Saskatchewan","ror":"https://ror.org/010x8gc63","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32625721"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Saskatchewan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Saskatchewan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32625721"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089793938"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8154,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79803498,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9674999713897705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xenophobia","display_name":"Xenophobia","score":0.9839224815368652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.8418289422988892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pandemic","display_name":"Pandemic","score":0.7610187530517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2019-20-coronavirus-outbreak","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","score":0.6342152953147888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moderation","display_name":"Moderation","score":0.5996726751327515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","score":0.5525451302528381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deterrence","display_name":"Deterrence (psychology)","score":0.522846519947052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-and-offline","display_name":"Online and offline","score":0.4722706079483032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.3634399175643921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminology","display_name":"Criminology","score":0.27703118324279785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.27420198917388916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racism","display_name":"Racism","score":0.18867745995521545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.15842047333717346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.09510046243667603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infectious-disease","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","score":0.08278056979179382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virology","display_name":"Virology","score":0.08261510729789734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.07585141062736511}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779692794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166005","display_name":"Xenophobia","level":3,"score":0.9839224815368652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.8418289422988892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.7610187530517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.6342152953147888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93225998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941972","display_name":"Moderation","level":2,"score":0.5996726751327515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.5525451302528381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780982575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332142","display_name":"Deterrence (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.522846519947052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780102126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10928179","display_name":"Online and offline","level":2,"score":0.4722706079483032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3634399175643921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.27703118324279785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.27420198917388916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139838865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8461","display_name":"Racism","level":2,"score":0.18867745995521545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.15842047333717346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09510046243667603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.08278056979179382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.08261510729789734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.07585141062736511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3428091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3428091","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3428091","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232200","display_name":"Digital Government Research and Practice","issn_l":"2639-0175","issn":["2639-0175","2691-199X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Government: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3428091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3428091","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3428091","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232200","display_name":"Digital Government Research and Practice","issn_l":"2639-0175","issn":["2639-0175","2691-199X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Government: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3107025682.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3107025682.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1540983233","https://openalex.org/W2473555522","https://openalex.org/W2740168486","https://openalex.org/W2741065173","https://openalex.org/W2887782043","https://openalex.org/W2945922253","https://openalex.org/W2954566102","https://openalex.org/W2971443991","https://openalex.org/W3012421327","https://openalex.org/W3013435976","https://openalex.org/W3029778218","https://openalex.org/W3037822982","https://openalex.org/W6635106606"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1529433124","https://openalex.org/W4231130218","https://openalex.org/W2474931066","https://openalex.org/W2050605493","https://openalex.org/W4312963271","https://openalex.org/W2062236950","https://openalex.org/W4385993538","https://openalex.org/W2784519483","https://openalex.org/W2947939355","https://openalex.org/W4200111593"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"COVID-19":[1,67],"pandemic":[2],"has":[3,14],"developed":[4],"to":[5,39,59],"be":[6],"more":[7],"than":[8],"a":[9,16],"bio-crisis":[10],"as":[11],"global":[12],"news":[13],"reported":[15],"sharp":[17],"rise":[18],"in":[19,23],"xenophobia":[20],"and":[21,25,34],"discrimination":[22],"online":[24,44,62],"offline":[26],"communities.":[27],"This":[28],"commentary":[29],"discusses":[30],"the":[31,41,61,66],"deterrence":[32],"policies":[33],"automated":[35],"content":[36],"moderation":[37],"technology":[38],"curb":[40],"spread":[42],"of":[43],"xenophobic":[45,63],"behaviors.":[46],"We":[47],"suggested":[48],"some":[49],"potential":[50],"exploration":[51],"areas":[52],"where":[53],"multiple":[54],"stakeholders":[55],"can":[56],"come":[57],"together":[58],"address":[60],"issues":[64],"amid":[65],"pandemic.":[68]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}