{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3111894367","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3427228.3427273","title":"Spotlight: Malware Lead Generation at Scale","display_name":"Spotlight: Malware Lead Generation at Scale","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3111894367","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3427228.3427273","mag":"3111894367"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3427228.3427273","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3427228.3427273","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306417673","display_name":"Annual Computer Security Applications Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Computer Security Applications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3427228.3427273","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065541649","display_name":"Fabian Kaczmarczyck","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fabian Kaczmarczyck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031767986","display_name":"Bernhard Grill","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernhard Grill","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064912041","display_name":"Luca Invernizzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8420-0760"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Invernizzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, United States of America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066031490","display_name":"Jennifer Pullman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer Pullman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071763795","display_name":"Cecilia M. Procopiuc","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cecilia M. Procopiuc","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108399309","display_name":"David Tao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027587928","display_name":"Borb\u00e1la Katalin Benk\u0151","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100430","display_name":"Google (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/014f9c269","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210100430","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Borbala Benko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100430"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058819105","display_name":"Elie Bursztein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0316-6906"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elie Bursztein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065541649"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0101,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78410795,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"17","last_page":"27"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.9380124807357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ransomware","display_name":"Ransomware","score":0.7370707392692566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phishing","display_name":"Phishing","score":0.7119183540344238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6983820796012878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.629120409488678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptovirology","display_name":"Cryptovirology","score":0.6049918532371521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.561369776725769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.47105810046195984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-breach","display_name":"Data breach","score":0.4622620642185211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware-analysis","display_name":"Malware analysis","score":0.46021971106529236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.418854296207428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.3251410722732544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1835613250732422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.17692169547080994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.07251200079917908}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.9380124807357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777667771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926331","display_name":"Ransomware","level":3,"score":0.7370707392692566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83860907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135005","display_name":"Phishing","level":3,"score":0.7119183540344238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6983820796012878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.629120409488678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3506050","display_name":"Cryptovirology","level":3,"score":0.6049918532371521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.561369776725769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.47105810046195984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165609540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172486","display_name":"Data breach","level":2,"score":0.4622620642185211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779395397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15731404","display_name":"Malware analysis","level":3,"score":0.46021971106529236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.418854296207428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3251410722732544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1835613250732422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.17692169547080994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.07251200079917908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3427228.3427273","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3427228.3427273","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306417673","display_name":"Annual Computer Security Applications Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Computer Security Applications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3427228.3427273","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3427228.3427273","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306417673","display_name":"Annual Computer Security Applications Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Computer Security Applications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W85077918","https://openalex.org/W1548500763","https://openalex.org/W1599454686","https://openalex.org/W1910686388","https://openalex.org/W1966948031","https://openalex.org/W2121398530","https://openalex.org/W2138615112","https://openalex.org/W2138644293","https://openalex.org/W2402144811","https://openalex.org/W2476429474","https://openalex.org/W2514847810","https://openalex.org/W2756078197","https://openalex.org/W2768467070","https://openalex.org/W2963385925"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4381279634","https://openalex.org/W4319151772","https://openalex.org/W3211746486","https://openalex.org/W4368275542","https://openalex.org/W2614215062","https://openalex.org/W4206698438","https://openalex.org/W2744467135","https://openalex.org/W2950355198","https://openalex.org/W3111894367","https://openalex.org/W2903774454"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Malware":[0],"is":[1,33,79],"one":[2],"of":[3,28,69,88,92],"the":[4,23,29,70,89,109,148],"key":[5],"threats":[6],"to":[7,17,22,35,49,99,133],"online":[8,114],"security":[9],"today,":[10],"with":[11],"applications":[12],"ranging":[13],"from":[14],"phishing":[15],"mailers":[16],"ransomware":[18],"and":[19,26,43,52,67,107,141,154],"trojans.":[20],"Due":[21],"sheer":[24],"size":[25],"variety":[27],"malware":[30,55,73,77,121,130,136,150],"threat,":[31],"it":[32,37],"impractical":[34],"combat":[36],"as":[38,76],"a":[39,80,93,119,128,161],"whole.":[40],"Instead,":[41],"governments":[42],"companies":[44],"have":[45],"instituted":[46],"teams":[47],"dedicated":[48],"identifying,":[50],"prioritizing,":[51],"removing":[53],"specific":[54],"families":[56,74],"that":[57],"directly":[58],"affect":[59],"their":[60,165],"population":[61],"or":[62],"business":[63,167],"model.":[64],"The":[65],"identification":[66],"prioritization":[68],"most":[71],"disconcerting":[72],"(known":[75],"hunting)":[78],"time-consuming":[81],"activity,":[82],"accounting":[83],"for":[84,157],"more":[85],"than":[86],"20%":[87],"work":[90],"hours":[91],"typical":[94],"threat":[95,143],"intelligence":[96],"researcher,":[97],"according":[98],"our":[100],"survey.":[101],"To":[102],"save":[103],"this":[104],"precious":[105],"resource":[106],"amplify":[108],"team\u2019s":[110],"impact":[111],"on":[112,139,164],"users\u2019":[113],"safety":[115],"we":[116],"present":[117],"Spotlight,":[118],"large-scale":[120],"lead-generation":[122],"framework.":[123],"Spotlight":[124],"first":[125,140],"sifts":[126],"through":[127],"large":[129],"data":[131],"set":[132],"remove":[134],"known":[135],"families,":[137,153],"based":[138,163],"third-party":[142],"intelligence.":[144],"It":[145],"then":[146],"clusters":[147],"remaining":[149],"into":[151],"potentially-undiscovered":[152],"prioritizes":[155],"them":[156],"further":[158],"investigation":[159],"using":[160],"score":[162],"potential":[166],"impact.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}