{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3095656130","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3427097","title":"Blockchains for Government","display_name":"Blockchains for Government","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3095656130","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3427097","mag":"3095656130"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3427097","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3427097","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3427097","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232200","display_name":"Digital Government Research and Practice","issn_l":"2639-0175","issn":["2639-0175","2691-199X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Government: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3427097","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056952444","display_name":"James R. Clavin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5745-0158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Clavin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039007125","display_name":"Sisi Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1385-6807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sisi Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100356583","display_name":"Haibin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0080-6341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haibin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063541070","display_name":"Vandana P. Janeja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0130-6135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vandana P. Janeja","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048245051","display_name":"Karuna Pande Joshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6354-1686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karuna P. Joshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072869372","display_name":"Yelena Yesha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yelena Yesha","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053031020","display_name":"Lucy C. Erickson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5357-1697"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311206647","display_name":"American Association For The Advancement of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05j0w0e76","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311206647"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucy C. Erickson","raw_affiliation_strings":["American Association for the Advancement of Science, New York Ave, NW Washington, DC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"American Association for the Advancement of Science, New York Ave, NW Washington, DC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311206647"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076800711","display_name":"Justin D. Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3315-2038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282113950","display_name":"United States Department of Homeland Security","ror":"https://ror.org/00jyr0d86","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282113950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Justin D. Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Homeland Security, Science and Technology Directorate, Murray Lane, SW Washington, DC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Homeland Security, Science and Technology Directorate, Murray Lane, SW Washington, DC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282113950"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.3295,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":66,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98244936,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9782000184059143,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.839679479598999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.75978684425354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.6207590103149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.608162522315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5670789480209351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5598280429840088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5504136085510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","score":0.521294355392456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.36486953496932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.09723985195159912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.09439319372177124}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.839679479598999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.75978684425354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6207590103149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.608162522315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5670789480209351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5598280429840088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5504136085510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.521294355392456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.36486953496932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.09723985195159912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.09439319372177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3427097","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3427097","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3427097","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232200","display_name":"Digital Government Research and Practice","issn_l":"2639-0175","issn":["2639-0175","2691-199X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Government: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdsoar.org:11603/20144","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11603/20144","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402556","display_name":"Maryland Shared Open Access Repository (USMAI Consortium)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.13016/m2s8cp-fqye","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.13016/m2s8cp-fqye","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402644","display_name":"Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","host_organization_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3427097","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3427097","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3427097","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232200","display_name":"Digital Government Research and Practice","issn_l":"2639-0175","issn":["2639-0175","2691-199X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Government: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6000000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1867210102","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-SC0014664","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308963","funder_display_name":"Oak Ridge Associated Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G511876581","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-SC0014664","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6146864066","display_name":"Phase I IUCRC University of Maryland Baltimore County: Center for Accelerated Real Time Analytics (CARTA)","funder_award_id":"1747724","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7619220232","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SC0014664","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7739590409","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-SC0014664","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332382","funder_display_name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8081407347","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-SC0014664","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306110","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Homeland Security"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8570346810","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SC0014664","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332382","funder_display_name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306110","display_name":"U.S. Department of Homeland Security","ror":"https://ror.org/00jyr0d86"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308963","display_name":"Oak Ridge Associated Universities","ror":"https://ror.org/0526p1y61"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309204","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332382","display_name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education","ror":"https://ror.org/0526p1y61"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3095656130.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3095656130.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1665611244","https://openalex.org/W1794148987","https://openalex.org/W2003214215","https://openalex.org/W2101939036","https://openalex.org/W2110880385","https://openalex.org/W2114579022","https://openalex.org/W2124037649","https://openalex.org/W2129467152","https://openalex.org/W2143149536","https://openalex.org/W2208909183","https://openalex.org/W2231944250","https://openalex.org/W2296817781","https://openalex.org/W2534313446","https://openalex.org/W2535104337","https://openalex.org/W2752263663","https://openalex.org/W2763398287","https://openalex.org/W2765308299","https://openalex.org/W2766259876","https://openalex.org/W2766800499","https://openalex.org/W2773507181","https://openalex.org/W2775347641","https://openalex.org/W2785973119","https://openalex.org/W2799331516","https://openalex.org/W2807260071","https://openalex.org/W2885899788","https://openalex.org/W2886294947","https://openalex.org/W2890933237","https://openalex.org/W2897676665","https://openalex.org/W2898234077","https://openalex.org/W2899357412","https://openalex.org/W2901598045","https://openalex.org/W2910263057","https://openalex.org/W2910815950","https://openalex.org/W2914982603","https://openalex.org/W2917899271","https://openalex.org/W2921510663","https://openalex.org/W2929662350","https://openalex.org/W2953312256","https://openalex.org/W2963873436","https://openalex.org/W2969193819","https://openalex.org/W2978018251","https://openalex.org/W3012513065","https://openalex.org/W3029616339","https://openalex.org/W3031356670","https://openalex.org/W3102661748","https://openalex.org/W3137092842","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W4238584892","https://openalex.org/W4241801915","https://openalex.org/W4254234063","https://openalex.org/W4300127641","https://openalex.org/W4320059955","https://openalex.org/W6635430695","https://openalex.org/W6697499417","https://openalex.org/W6745553878"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W4205726392","https://openalex.org/W3016961585","https://openalex.org/W2957710009","https://openalex.org/W3115531728"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blockchain":[0,38],"is":[1,33],"the":[2,20,29,70,83,87,126,134,146],"technology":[3],"used":[4],"by":[5,36,106],"developers":[6],"of":[7,14,22,85,115,128,136,151],"cryptocurrencies,":[8],"like":[9],"Bitcoin,":[10],"to":[11,27,41,46],"enable":[12],"exchange":[13],"financial":[15],"\u201ccoins\u201d":[16],"between":[17],"participants":[18],"in":[19,51,72,125],"absence":[21],"a":[23,43,52,76,120],"trusted":[24],"third":[25],"party":[26],"ensure":[28],"transaction,":[30],"such":[31],"as":[32],"typically":[34],"done":[35],"governments.":[37],"has":[39],"evolved":[40],"become":[42],"generic":[44],"approach":[45],"store":[47],"and":[48,55,65,68,90,112,130,140,148],"process":[49],"data":[50],"highly":[53],"decentralized":[54],"secure":[56],"way.":[57],"In":[58],"this":[59],"article,":[60],"we":[61,118],"review":[62,100,135],"blockchain":[63,116],"concepts":[64],"use":[66,104,123,141],"cases,":[67],"discuss":[69],"challenges":[71,150],"using":[73],"them":[74],"from":[75],"governmental":[77,103],"viewpoint.":[78],"We":[79,98],"begin":[80],"with":[81],"reviewing":[82],"categories":[84],"blockchains,":[86],"underlying":[88],"mechanisms,":[89],"why":[91],"blockchains":[92],"can":[93],"achieve":[94],"their":[95],"security":[96],"goals.":[97],"then":[99],"existing":[101],"known":[102],"cases":[105,124,142],"regions.":[107],"To":[108],"show":[109],"both":[110,137],"technical":[111,138,149],"deployment":[113],"details":[114,139],"adoption,":[117],"study":[119],"few":[121],"representative":[122],"domains":[127],"healthcare":[129],"energy":[131],"infrastructures.":[132],"Finally,":[133],"helps":[143],"us":[144],"summarize":[145],"adoption":[147],"blockchains.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-07-03T08:13:44.112507","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
