{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3126121953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3424739","title":"Location- and Person-Independent Activity Recognition with WiFi, Deep Neural Networks, and Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Location- and Person-Independent Activity Recognition with WiFi, Deep Neural Networks, and Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3126121953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3424739","mag":"3126121953"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3424739","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3424739","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175912","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Internet of Things","issn_l":"2577-6207","issn":["2577-6207","2691-1914"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Internet of Things","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035178314","display_name":"Yongsen Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8321-3735"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16285277","display_name":"William & Mary","ror":"https://ror.org/03hsf0573","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16285277"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I267592682","display_name":"Williams (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/007zhvp17","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I267592682"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongsen Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["William 8 Mary, Williamsburg, VA, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"William 8 Mary, Williamsburg, VA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16285277","https://openalex.org/I267592682"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076639377","display_name":"Sheheryar Arshad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189196454","display_name":"The University of Texas at Arlington","ror":"https://ror.org/019kgqr73","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheheryar Arshad","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017329281","display_name":"Swetha Muniraju","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087324","display_name":"DigiLens (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/001k0r742","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087324"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Swetha Muniraju","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Bell Labs, Sunnyvale, CA, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Bell Labs, Sunnyvale, CA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087324"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021967833","display_name":"Eric Torkildson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087324","display_name":"DigiLens (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/001k0r742","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087324"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Torkildson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Bell Labs, Sunnyvale, CA, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Bell Labs, Sunnyvale, CA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087324"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010034510","display_name":"Enrico Rantala","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087324","display_name":"DigiLens (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/001k0r742","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087324"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enrico Rantala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Bell Labs, Sunnyvale, CA, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Bell Labs, Sunnyvale, CA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087324"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023218534","display_name":"Klaus Doppler","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087324","display_name":"DigiLens (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/001k0r742","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087324"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Klaus Doppler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Bell Labs, Sunnyvale, CA, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Bell Labs, Sunnyvale, CA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087324"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054814122","display_name":"Gang Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4425-9837"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16285277","display_name":"William & Mary","ror":"https://ror.org/03hsf0573","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16285277"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I267592682","display_name":"Williams (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/007zhvp17","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I267592682"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["William 8 Mary, Williamsburg, VA, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"William 8 Mary, Williamsburg, VA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16285277","https://openalex.org/I267592682"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0157,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":69,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95975848,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11158","display_name":"Wireless Networks and Protocols","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8108199834823608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7535110712051392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6946802139282227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6409003734588623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6387474536895752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.6107498407363892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter","display_name":"Hyperparameter","score":0.5970706939697266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-engineering","display_name":"Feature engineering","score":0.5588235855102539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5441490411758423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5281293988227844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5094566941261292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.5068660378456116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3968903720378876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.14251366257667542}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8108199834823608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7535110712051392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6946802139282227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6409003734588623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6387474536895752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.6107498407363892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.5970706939697266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778827112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22245680","display_name":"Feature engineering","level":3,"score":0.5588235855102539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5441490411758423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5281293988227844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5094566941261292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.5068660378456116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3968903720378876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.14251366257667542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3424739","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3424739","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175912","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Internet of Things","issn_l":"2577-6207","issn":["2577-6207","2691-1914"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Internet of Things","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1661762247","https://openalex.org/W1989259731","https://openalex.org/W1989988490","https://openalex.org/W1997834106","https://openalex.org/W2010882865","https://openalex.org/W2035883018","https://openalex.org/W2047539221","https://openalex.org/W2086889894","https://openalex.org/W2089695767","https://openalex.org/W2095396347","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2172292165","https://openalex.org/W2201800733","https://openalex.org/W2227402067","https://openalex.org/W2338892592","https://openalex.org/W2340862004","https://openalex.org/W2343495200","https://openalex.org/W2344494366","https://openalex.org/W2467368527","https://openalex.org/W2507908806","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2541557576","https://openalex.org/W2553303224","https://openalex.org/W2592884824","https://openalex.org/W2594230123","https://openalex.org/W2604676908","https://openalex.org/W2619289925","https://openalex.org/W2735039232","https://openalex.org/W2735130972","https://openalex.org/W2743415265","https://openalex.org/W2744415202","https://openalex.org/W2756489842","https://openalex.org/W2763219399","https://openalex.org/W2771420756","https://openalex.org/W2773310738","https://openalex.org/W2780385833","https://openalex.org/W2781944640","https://openalex.org/W2783297758","https://openalex.org/W2783569558","https://openalex.org/W2783857023","https://openalex.org/W2790800625","https://openalex.org/W2792651740","https://openalex.org/W2794843057","https://openalex.org/W2808572700","https://openalex.org/W2810075754","https://openalex.org/W2820000974","https://openalex.org/W2896542121","https://openalex.org/W2897132279","https://openalex.org/W2914961791","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2931750383","https://openalex.org/W2950821050","https://openalex.org/W2952065976","https://openalex.org/W2955425717","https://openalex.org/W2962746461","https://openalex.org/W2997932427","https://openalex.org/W3034429256","https://openalex.org/W3121448773","https://openalex.org/W4242446209"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2140186469","https://openalex.org/W4390421286","https://openalex.org/W4280563792","https://openalex.org/W4389724018","https://openalex.org/W4318719684","https://openalex.org/W3183136280","https://openalex.org/W4318559728","https://openalex.org/W4281847915","https://openalex.org/W3172545305","https://openalex.org/W4387022695"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,17],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"Channel":[3],"State":[4],"Information":[5],"(CSI)":[6],"measured":[7],"by":[8,162],"WiFi":[9,129],"is":[10,121,159],"widely":[11],"used":[12],"for":[13,26,66,180],"human":[14,178],"activity":[15,30],"recognition.":[16],"this":[18],"article,":[19],"we":[20],"propose":[21],"a":[22,44,54,62,108,124],"deep":[23],"learning":[24,64,97,191],"design":[25,36,120,141,158,174],"location-":[27,74],"and":[28,61,75,136,149,170,188,193],"person-independent":[29,76],"recognition":[31,52,71,105],"with":[32,113,127,166],"WiFi.":[33],"The":[34,70,84,95,118,139,156,172],"proposed":[35,119,140,157,173],"consists":[37],"of":[38,81,103,168,190],"three":[39],"Deep":[40],"Neural":[41,47,110],"Networks":[42],"(DNNs):":[43],"2D":[45],"Convolutional":[46],"Network":[48,111],"(CNN)":[49],"as":[50,57],"the":[51,58,100,104],"algorithm,":[53],"1D":[55],"CNN":[56],"state":[59,85],"machine,":[60],"reinforcement":[63,96],"agent":[65,98],"neural":[67,101],"architecture":[68,102],"search.":[69],"algorithm":[72,106],"learns":[73,87],"features":[77],"from":[78,91],"different":[79,128],"perspectives":[80],"CSI":[82],"data.":[83],"machine":[86],"temporal":[88],"dependency":[89],"information":[90],"history":[92],"classification":[93],"results.":[94],"optimizes":[99],"using":[107],"Recurrent":[109],"(RNN)":[112],"Long":[114],"Short-Term":[115],"Memory":[116],"(LSTM).":[117],"evaluated":[122,161],"in":[123],"lab":[125],"environment":[126],"device":[130],"locations,":[131],"antenna":[132],"orientations,":[133],"sitting/standing/walking":[134],"locations/orientations,":[135],"multiple":[137],"persons.":[138],"has":[142],"97%":[143],"average":[144],"accuracy":[145,167],"when":[146],"testing":[147],"devices":[148],"persons":[150],"are":[151],"not":[152],"seen":[153],"during":[154],"training.":[155],"also":[160],"two":[163],"public":[164],"datasets":[165],"80%":[169],"83%.":[171],"needs":[175],"very":[176],"little":[177],"efforts":[179],"ground":[181],"truth":[182],"labeling,":[183],"feature":[184],"engineering,":[185],"signal":[186],"processing,":[187],"tuning":[189],"parameters":[192],"hyperparameters.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}