{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3095942197","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3422604.3425927","title":"Bertha: Tunneling through the Network API","display_name":"Bertha: Tunneling through the Network API","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3095942197","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3422604.3425927","mag":"3095942197"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3422604.3425927","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3422604.3425927","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3422604.3425927","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 19th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3422604.3425927","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103119860","display_name":"Akshay Narayan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6626-141X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akshay Narayan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073895064","display_name":"Aurojit Panda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9664-4377"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aurojit Panda","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101669321","display_name":"Mohammad Alizadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0014-6742"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Alizadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113516878","display_name":"Hari Balakrishnan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hari Balakrishnan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101497042","display_name":"Arvind Krishnamurthy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9505-9528"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arvind Krishnamurthy","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040529929","display_name":"Scott Shenker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1357-7533"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297971548","display_name":"International Computer Science Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01ewh7m12","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297971548"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott Shenker","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Berkeley & ICSI, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Berkeley & ICSI, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297971548","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7025,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64588321,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"53","last_page":"59"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unix","display_name":"Unix","score":0.8506935834884644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8183438777923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstraction","display_name":"Abstraction","score":0.6543502807617188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.5903772711753845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5128860473632812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4871496856212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-interface","display_name":"Network interface","score":0.4470590353012085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3788279592990875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.23293918371200562}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112968700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11368","display_name":"Unix","level":3,"score":0.8506935834884644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8183438777923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.6543502807617188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.5903772711753845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5128860473632812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4871496856212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103987645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q985806","display_name":"Network interface","level":3,"score":0.4470590353012085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3788279592990875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.23293918371200562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3422604.3425927","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3422604.3425927","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3422604.3425927","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 19th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/158161","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/158161","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","raw_type":"http://purl.org/eprint/type/ConferencePaper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3422604.3425927","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3422604.3425927","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3422604.3425927","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 19th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1324470217","display_name":"NeTS: Medium: Collaborative Research: Language and Hardware Primitives for Programming the Data Plane in High-Speed Networks","funder_award_id":"1563826","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2119522690","display_name":"Collaborative Research: PPoSS: Planning: Making Smart Use of SmartNICs","funder_award_id":"2028832","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2349120096","display_name":"NeTS: Small: A Programmable Network Data Plane for Resource Management in Datacenters","funder_award_id":"1526791","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5182243152","display_name":"NeTS: Small: Creating an Evolvable, Diverse, and Dynamic Internet","funder_award_id":"1817115","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5952303273","display_name":"NeTS: Medium: Collaborative Research: An App-Centric Transport Architecture for the Internet","funder_award_id":"1407470","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8822104819","display_name":"Collaborative Research: PPoSS: Planning: Making Smart Use of SmartNICs","funder_award_id":"2029037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316785","display_name":"VMware","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3095942197.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3095942197.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1424350945","https://openalex.org/W1461485317","https://openalex.org/W1575701137","https://openalex.org/W1642392512","https://openalex.org/W1785664926","https://openalex.org/W1890643295","https://openalex.org/W1985229168","https://openalex.org/W2016679348","https://openalex.org/W2018501701","https://openalex.org/W2021234005","https://openalex.org/W2034711041","https://openalex.org/W2061643296","https://openalex.org/W2099501333","https://openalex.org/W2103376620","https://openalex.org/W2105545278","https://openalex.org/W2134519279","https://openalex.org/W2146077028","https://openalex.org/W2147118406","https://openalex.org/W2150769115","https://openalex.org/W2283556750","https://openalex.org/W2406213739","https://openalex.org/W2557702138","https://openalex.org/W2572234696","https://openalex.org/W2576670572","https://openalex.org/W2745034467","https://openalex.org/W2761338514","https://openalex.org/W2795338655","https://openalex.org/W2807799957","https://openalex.org/W2898662643","https://openalex.org/W2899044382","https://openalex.org/W2902142948","https://openalex.org/W2902775477","https://openalex.org/W2903038868","https://openalex.org/W2915178074","https://openalex.org/W2944456270","https://openalex.org/W2953132452","https://openalex.org/W2953384591","https://openalex.org/W2967279915","https://openalex.org/W2968986602","https://openalex.org/W3009056493","https://openalex.org/W3010640493","https://openalex.org/W3021475380","https://openalex.org/W3036079062","https://openalex.org/W3043548417","https://openalex.org/W3043568421","https://openalex.org/W4234045312","https://openalex.org/W6634515674","https://openalex.org/W6637998620","https://openalex.org/W6659097422","https://openalex.org/W6749811062","https://openalex.org/W6780249583","https://openalex.org/W7045218109"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3053791662","https://openalex.org/W3123018244","https://openalex.org/W3158820933","https://openalex.org/W2370505686","https://openalex.org/W2144237141","https://openalex.org/W2486626696","https://openalex.org/W2788290641","https://openalex.org/W2539062483","https://openalex.org/W3170324660","https://openalex.org/W2354663878"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Network":[0],"APIs":[1],"such":[2],"as":[3],"UNIX":[4],"sockets,":[5],"DPDK,":[6],"Netmap,":[7],"etc.":[8],"assume":[9],"that":[10,25,72],"networks":[11,17],"provide":[12],"only":[13],"end-to-end":[14],"connectivity.":[15],"However,":[16],"increasingly":[18],"include":[19],"smart":[20],"NICs":[21],"and":[22,30,60],"programmable":[23],"switches":[24],"can":[26],"implement":[27],"both":[28],"network":[29,59,70],"application":[31,42],"functions.":[32],"Several":[33],"recent":[34],"works":[35],"have":[36],"shown":[37],"the":[38,45,55],"benefit":[39],"of":[40],"offloading":[41],"functionality":[43],"to":[44,80],"network,":[46],"but":[47,57],"using":[48],"these":[49],"approaches":[50],"requires":[51],"changing":[52],"not":[53],"just":[54],"applications,":[56],"also":[58],"system":[61],"configuration.":[62],"In":[63],"this":[64],"paper":[65],"we":[66],"propose":[67],"Bertha,":[68],"a":[69,74],"API":[71],"provides":[73],"uniform":[75],"abstraction":[76],"for":[77],"offloads,":[78],"aiming":[79],"simplify":[81],"their":[82],"use.":[83]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}