{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3003390592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419614.3423260","title":"Winkle","display_name":"Winkle","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3003390592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419614.3423260","mag":"3003390592"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3419614.3423260","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419614.3423260","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2nd ACM Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082388181","display_name":"Sarah Azouvi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7133-1937"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sarah Azouvi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College London, Protocol Labs"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, Protocol Labs","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033480395","display_name":"George Danezis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2252078561","display_name":"Meta (Israel)","ror":"https://ror.org/02388em19","country_code":"IL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2252078561","https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["GB","IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Danezis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College London, Facebook Novi"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, Facebook Novi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2252078561","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050096111","display_name":"Valeria Nikolaenko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9642-6097"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2252078561","display_name":"Meta (Israel)","ror":"https://ror.org/02388em19","country_code":"IL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2252078561","https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valeria Nikolaenko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facebook Novi"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facebook Novi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2252078561"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082388181"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7819,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92102149,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"189","last_page":"201"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9772999882698059,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8121560215950012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.6079471111297607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.5363017320632935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5129987597465515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3606244921684265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.17564326524734497}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8121560215950012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.6079471111297607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.5363017320632935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5129987597465515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3606244921684265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.17564326524734497}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3419614.3423260","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419614.3423260","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2nd ACM Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6700000166893005}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2022932831","https://openalex.org/W2126087831","https://openalex.org/W2128672542","https://openalex.org/W2470694705","https://openalex.org/W2739845435","https://openalex.org/W2754620430","https://openalex.org/W2763398287","https://openalex.org/W2772287189","https://openalex.org/W2794998188","https://openalex.org/W2889627320","https://openalex.org/W2916931547","https://openalex.org/W2920399571","https://openalex.org/W2964159515","https://openalex.org/W2969395421","https://openalex.org/W2979777917","https://openalex.org/W2982553810","https://openalex.org/W3007129533","https://openalex.org/W3084871172","https://openalex.org/W3104395320","https://openalex.org/W6744286769"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2478288626","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Winkle":[0,27],"protects":[1],"any":[2],"validator-based":[3],"byzantine":[4],"fault":[5],"tolerant":[6],"consensus":[7],"mechanisms,":[8],"such":[9],"as":[10],"those":[11],"used":[12],"in":[13],"modern":[14],"Proof-of-Stake":[15],"blockchains,":[16],"against":[17],"long-range":[18],"attacks":[19],"where":[20,36],"old":[21],"validators'":[22],"signature":[23],"keys":[24],"get":[25],"compromised.":[26],"is":[28,70],"a":[29,37,40,45,50,61,72],"decentralized":[30],"secondary":[31],"layer":[32],"of":[33,52,63,129],"client-based":[34],"validation,":[35],"client":[38,96],"includes":[39],"single":[41],"additional":[42],"field":[43],"into":[44],"transaction":[46,123],"that":[47,59,77],"they":[48],"sign:":[49],"hash":[51],"the":[53,86],"previously":[54],"sequenced":[55],"block.":[56],"The":[57],"block":[58],"gets":[60],"threshold":[62],"signatures":[64],"(confirmations)":[65],"weighted":[66],"by":[67],"clients'":[68],"coins":[69],"called":[71],"\"confirmed\"":[73],"checkpoint.":[74],"We":[75,93,114],"show":[76],"under":[78],"plausible":[79],"and":[80,107,121,126],"flexible":[81],"security":[82],"assumptions":[83],"about":[84],"clients":[85],"confirmed":[87],"checkpoints":[88],"can":[89],"not":[90],"be":[91],"equivocated.":[92],"discuss":[94],"how":[95,101,108],"key":[97],"rotation":[98],"increases":[99],"security,":[100],"to":[102],"accommodate":[103],"for":[104,111],"coins'":[105],"minting":[106],"delegation":[109,128],"allows":[110],"faster":[112],"checkpoints.":[113],"evaluate":[115],"checkpoint":[116],"latency":[117],"experimentally":[118],"using":[119],"Bitcoin":[120],"Ethereum":[122],"graphs,":[124],"with":[125],"without":[127],"stake.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2020-02-07T00:00:00"}