{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4288079454","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419394.3423666","title":"Easing the Conscience with OPC UA","display_name":"Easing the Conscience with OPC UA","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4288079454","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419394.3423666"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3419394.3423666","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419394.3423666","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Internet Measurement Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028184712","display_name":"Markus Dahlmanns","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9733-540X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Markus Dahlmanns","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communication and Distributed Systems, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communication and Distributed Systems, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040172781","display_name":"Johannes Lohm\u00f6ller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2101-5562"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johannes Lohm\u00f6ller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communication and Distributed Systems, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communication and Distributed Systems, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038357994","display_name":"Ina Berenice Fink","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9146-215X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ina Berenice Fink","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communication and Distributed Systems, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communication and Distributed Systems, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027786698","display_name":"Jan Pennekamp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0398-6904"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan Pennekamp","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communication and Distributed Systems, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communication and Distributed Systems, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078646305","display_name":"Klaus Wehrle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8609-800X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Klaus Wehrle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communication and Distributed Systems, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communication and Distributed Systems, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063048519","display_name":"Martin Henze","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8717-2523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166245","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Communication, Information Processing and Ergonomics","ror":"https://ror.org/05nn0gw40","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166245","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Henze","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber Analysis &amp; Defense, Fraunhofer FKIE, Wachtberg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Analysis &amp; Defense, Fraunhofer FKIE, Wachtberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166245"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028184712"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.02553569,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96769988,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"101","last_page":"110"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9740999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7279995679855347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6759874820709229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5343019366264343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.49835777282714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.45745956897735596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/certificate","display_name":"Certificate","score":0.4462837874889374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.22494006156921387}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7279995679855347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6759874820709229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5343019366264343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.49835777282714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.45745956897735596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96865113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2946816","display_name":"Certificate","level":2,"score":0.4462837874889374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.22494006156921387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3419394.3423666","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419394.3423666","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Internet Measurement Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5899999737739563}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7300938430","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"390621612","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1605288538","https://openalex.org/W1910624757","https://openalex.org/W1974390525","https://openalex.org/W1983442091","https://openalex.org/W1996960305","https://openalex.org/W2001637908","https://openalex.org/W2052009734","https://openalex.org/W2060479059","https://openalex.org/W2065955975","https://openalex.org/W2070665593","https://openalex.org/W2114398364","https://openalex.org/W2123070675","https://openalex.org/W2124628099","https://openalex.org/W2130867912","https://openalex.org/W2134101189","https://openalex.org/W2292723020","https://openalex.org/W2490506697","https://openalex.org/W2550748725","https://openalex.org/W2556675027","https://openalex.org/W2562876364","https://openalex.org/W2579603034","https://openalex.org/W2592982279","https://openalex.org/W2608113618","https://openalex.org/W2613843087","https://openalex.org/W2619874920","https://openalex.org/W2707036725","https://openalex.org/W2730172711","https://openalex.org/W2765943622","https://openalex.org/W2769047723","https://openalex.org/W2792818501","https://openalex.org/W2794376943","https://openalex.org/W2794584163","https://openalex.org/W2805600954","https://openalex.org/W2875475762","https://openalex.org/W2887902581","https://openalex.org/W2891585364","https://openalex.org/W2891615859","https://openalex.org/W2937619061","https://openalex.org/W2948694540","https://openalex.org/W2961381604","https://openalex.org/W2966267176","https://openalex.org/W2967079395","https://openalex.org/W2969468102","https://openalex.org/W2980558733","https://openalex.org/W2982542479","https://openalex.org/W3017312168","https://openalex.org/W3034480370","https://openalex.org/W3048207946","https://openalex.org/W3094572308","https://openalex.org/W3097992808","https://openalex.org/W3105355360","https://openalex.org/W4214601452","https://openalex.org/W4232136755","https://openalex.org/W4249529812","https://openalex.org/W4256497308","https://openalex.org/W4285580530"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2032233321","https://openalex.org/W3121970507","https://openalex.org/W2110028391","https://openalex.org/W54497855","https://openalex.org/W217960748","https://openalex.org/W3125814499","https://openalex.org/W2090827041","https://openalex.org/W2148533276","https://openalex.org/W2060145807","https://openalex.org/W4248806346"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,18,40],"increasing":[2],"digitalization,":[3],"formerly":[4],"isolated":[5],"industrial":[6,35],"networks,":[7],"e.g.,":[8],"for":[9,33,64,128,148],"factory":[10],"and":[11,16,70,141],"process":[12],"automation,":[13],"move":[14],"closer":[15,17],"the":[19,30,60,72,107,121,126,143],"Internet,":[20],"mandating":[21],"secure":[22,34],"communication.":[23],"However,":[24],"securely":[25],"setting":[26],"up":[27],"OPC":[28,51,67],"UA,":[29],"prime":[31],"candidate":[32],"communication,":[36],"is":[37],"challenging":[38],"due":[39],"a":[41],"large":[42],"variety":[43],"of":[44,74,89,97,106,145],"insecure":[45],"options.":[46],"To":[47],"study":[48],"whether":[49],"Internet-facing":[50],"UA":[52,68],"appliances":[53],"are":[54],"configured":[55],"securely,":[56],"we":[57,111,135],"actively":[58],"scan":[59],"IPv4":[61],"address":[62],"space":[63],"publicly":[65],"reachable":[66,108],"systems":[69,119],"assess":[71],"security":[73,80,92,123,139],"their":[75],"configurations.":[76],"We":[77],"observe":[78],"problematic":[79],"configurations":[81],"such":[82],"as":[83],"missing":[84],"access":[85],"control":[86],"(on":[87],"24%":[88],"hosts),":[90],"disabled":[91],"functionality":[93],"(24%),":[94],"or":[95],"use":[96],"deprecated":[98],"cryptographic":[99],"primitives":[100],"(25%)":[101],"on":[102],"in":[103,116,132],"total":[104],"92%":[105],"deployments.":[109],"Furthermore,":[110],"discover":[112],"several":[113],"hundred":[114],"devices":[115],"multiple":[117],"autonomous":[118],"sharing":[120],"same":[122],"certificate,":[124],"opening":[125],"door":[127],"impersonation":[129],"attacks.":[130],"Overall,":[131],"this":[133],"paper,":[134],"highlight":[136],"commonly":[137],"found":[138],"misconfigurations":[140],"underline":[142],"importance":[144],"appropriate":[146],"configuration":[147],"security-featuring":[149],"protocols.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-02-20T08:17:22.645390","created_date":"2022-07-28T00:00:00"}
