{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3093849846","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419394.3423665","title":"Investigating Large Scale HTTPS Interception in Kazakhstan","display_name":"Investigating Large Scale HTTPS Interception in Kazakhstan","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3093849846","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419394.3423665","mag":"3093849846"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3419394.3423665","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419394.3423665","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3419394.3423665","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Internet Measurement Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3419394.3423665","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000158925","display_name":"Ram Sundara Raman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2411-8463"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ram Sundara Raman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074069031","display_name":"Leonid Evdokimov","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonid Evdokimov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090584623","display_name":"Eric Wurstrow","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802236040","display_name":"University of Colorado System","ror":"https://ror.org/00jc20583","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Wurstrow","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado Boulder"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Boulder","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040","https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065822688","display_name":"J. Alex Halderman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9116-5390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Alex Halderman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079998164","display_name":"Roya Ensafi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2188-8267"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roya Ensafi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000158925"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1733,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93302386,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"125","last_page":"132"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interception","display_name":"Interception","score":0.8422044515609741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visibility","display_name":"Visibility","score":0.6233134865760803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5838379263877869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/certificate","display_name":"Certificate","score":0.5760743618011475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5662809014320374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5651841163635254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5428332090377808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forcing","display_name":"Forcing (mathematics)","score":0.45756465196609497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.4525241255760193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.30070507526397705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2207995355129242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1398906409740448}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61270487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q476843","display_name":"Interception","level":2,"score":0.8422044515609741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.6233134865760803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5838379263877869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96865113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2946816","display_name":"Certificate","level":2,"score":0.5760743618011475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5662809014320374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5651841163635254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5428332090377808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197115733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1003136","display_name":"Forcing (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.45756465196609497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.4525241255760193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.30070507526397705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2207995355129242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1398906409740448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3419394.3423665","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419394.3423665","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3419394.3423665","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Internet Measurement Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3419394.3423665","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419394.3423665","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3419394.3423665","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Internet Measurement Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5649115679","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1518888","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322898","funder_display_name":"Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322898","display_name":"Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/00xc87681"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3093849846.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3093849846.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1567409052","https://openalex.org/W1708992266","https://openalex.org/W1959803714","https://openalex.org/W1968355613","https://openalex.org/W2001637908","https://openalex.org/W2012152947","https://openalex.org/W2042923641","https://openalex.org/W2044354000","https://openalex.org/W2062805799","https://openalex.org/W2076014973","https://openalex.org/W2098383743","https://openalex.org/W2114398364","https://openalex.org/W2161954933","https://openalex.org/W2192292780","https://openalex.org/W2292723020","https://openalex.org/W2350778671","https://openalex.org/W2499590469","https://openalex.org/W2612544399","https://openalex.org/W2889384587","https://openalex.org/W2890128393","https://openalex.org/W2911933247","https://openalex.org/W2947108274","https://openalex.org/W2947585023","https://openalex.org/W2972532057","https://openalex.org/W2988889042","https://openalex.org/W3006897124","https://openalex.org/W3007224029","https://openalex.org/W3030227670","https://openalex.org/W3110509121","https://openalex.org/W4256289937","https://openalex.org/W6703759646"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3195930518","https://openalex.org/W2062865444","https://openalex.org/W2364281429","https://openalex.org/W2056722352","https://openalex.org/W2152932590","https://openalex.org/W2362011097","https://openalex.org/W2359338200","https://openalex.org/W2611086060","https://openalex.org/W2377182954","https://openalex.org/W4233688364"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Increased":[0],"adoption":[1],"of":[2,34,106,151],"HTTPS":[3,40],"has":[4],"created":[5],"a":[6,16,48,87,96,103,159],"largely":[7],"encrypted":[8],"web,":[9],"but":[10,166],"these":[11],"security":[12],"gains":[13],"are":[14],"on":[15,89],"collision":[17],"course":[18],"with":[19,86],"governments":[20],"that":[21,77,100,120,170],"desire":[22],"visibility":[23],"into":[24],"and":[25,59,63,71,92,99,144],"control":[26],"over":[27],"user":[28],"communications.":[29],"Last":[30],"year,":[31],"the":[32,57,78,110,121,149,156],"government":[33],"Kazakhstan":[35,165],"conducted":[36],"an":[37],"unprecedented":[38],"large-scale":[39],"interception":[41,58,122],"attack":[42,79],"by":[43,136],"forcing":[44],"users":[45],"to":[46,55,82,173],"trust":[47],"custom":[49,153],"root":[50],"certificate.":[51],"We":[52,75],"were":[53],"able":[54],"detect":[56],"monitor":[60],"its":[61],"scale":[62],"evolution":[64],"using":[65],"measurements":[66,118],"from":[67],"in-country":[68],"vantage":[69],"points":[70],"remote":[72],"measurement":[73],"techniques.":[74],"find":[76],"targeted":[80],"connections":[81,107],"37":[83],"unique":[84],"domains,":[85],"focus":[88],"social":[90],"media":[91],"communication":[93],"services,":[94],"suggesting":[95],"surveillance":[97],"motive,":[98],"it":[101],"affected":[102],"large":[104],"fraction":[105],"passing":[108],"through":[109],"country's":[111],"largest":[112],"ISP,":[113],"Kazakhtelecom.":[114],"Our":[115],"continuous":[116],"real-time":[117],"indicated":[119],"system":[123],"was":[124],"shut":[125],"down":[126],"after":[127],"being":[128],"intermittently":[129],"active":[130],"for":[131,164,167],"21":[132],"days.":[133],"Subsequently,":[134],"supported":[135],"our":[137],"findings,":[138],"two":[139],"major":[140],"browsers":[141],"(Mozilla":[142],"Firefox":[143],"Google":[145],"Chrome)":[146],"completely":[147],"blocked":[148],"use":[150],"Kazakhstan's":[152],"root.":[154],"However,":[155],"incident":[157],"sets":[158],"dangerous":[160],"precedent,":[161],"not":[162],"only":[163],"other":[168],"countries":[169],"may":[171],"seek":[172],"circumvent":[174],"encryption":[175],"online.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
