{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3094491574","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419394.3423636","title":"Turning Up the Dial","display_name":"Turning Up the Dial","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3094491574","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419394.3423636","mag":"3094491574"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3419394.3423636","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419394.3423636","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Internet Measurement Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419394.3423636","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005648571","display_name":"Anh V. Vu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6287-0226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anh V. Vu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cambridge Cybercrime Centre, Department of Computer Science & Technology University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FD, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cambridge Cybercrime Centre, Department of Computer Science & Technology University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002518509","display_name":"Jack Hughes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0730-1055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jack Hughes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cambridge Cybercrime Centre, Department of Computer Science & Technology University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FD, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cambridge Cybercrime Centre, Department of Computer Science & Technology University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030357891","display_name":"Ildik\u00f3 Pete","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ildiko Pete","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cambridge Cybercrime Centre, Department of Computer Science & Technology University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FD, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cambridge Cybercrime Centre, Department of Computer Science & Technology University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032343519","display_name":"Ben Collier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9207-3068"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ben Collier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cambridge Cybercrime Centre, Department of Computer Science & Technology University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FD, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cambridge Cybercrime Centre, Department of Computer Science & Technology University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026407300","display_name":"Yi Ting Chua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3592-0109"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Ting Chua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cambridge Cybercrime Centre, Department of Computer Science & Technology University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FD, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cambridge Cybercrime Centre, Department of Computer Science & Technology University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069844959","display_name":"Ilia Shumailov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3100-0727"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilia Shumailov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cambridge Cybercrime Centre, Department of Computer Science & Technology University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FD, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cambridge Cybercrime Centre, Department of Computer Science & Technology University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055346534","display_name":"Alice Hutchings","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3037-2684"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alice Hutchings","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cambridge Cybercrime Centre, Department of Computer Science & Technology University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FD, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cambridge Cybercrime Centre, Department of Computer Science & Technology University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005648571"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.7403,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97457344,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"551","last_page":"566"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reputation","display_name":"Reputation","score":0.5783067941665649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.5413494110107422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-currency","display_name":"Virtual currency","score":0.5322978496551514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/currency","display_name":"Currency","score":0.5215606689453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.5057265758514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/openness-to-experience","display_name":"Openness to experience","score":0.48889556527137756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cybercrime","display_name":"Cybercrime","score":0.4718373119831085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4509989619255066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4021699130535126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.39333289861679077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.23372700810432434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monetary-economics","display_name":"Monetary economics","score":0.2005842924118042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.1852300763130188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1736568808555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.15901097655296326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.1333010196685791}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48798503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877546","display_name":"Reputation","level":2,"score":0.5783067941665649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.5413494110107422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47487560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4112083","display_name":"Virtual currency","level":3,"score":0.5322978496551514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141121606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8142","display_name":"Currency","level":2,"score":0.5215606689453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5057265758514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84976871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015673","display_name":"Openness to experience","level":2,"score":0.48889556527137756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779390178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29137","display_name":"Cybercrime","level":3,"score":0.4718373119831085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4509989619255066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4021699130535126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.39333289861679077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.23372700810432434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.2005842924118042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1852300763130188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1736568808555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.15901097655296326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1333010196685791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3419394.3423636","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419394.3423636","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Internet Measurement Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3419394.3423636","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419394.3423636","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Internet Measurement Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4931167507","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2276284","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G712205639","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/M020320/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1574235309","https://openalex.org/W1966021833","https://openalex.org/W1967084539","https://openalex.org/W1972791208","https://openalex.org/W2009415795","https://openalex.org/W2019409208","https://openalex.org/W2026195300","https://openalex.org/W2026844232","https://openalex.org/W2061280906","https://openalex.org/W2113341218","https://openalex.org/W2118847637","https://openalex.org/W2519123369","https://openalex.org/W2604955674","https://openalex.org/W2732635930","https://openalex.org/W2763496252","https://openalex.org/W2798110387","https://openalex.org/W2903241493","https://openalex.org/W2924811331","https://openalex.org/W2998300616","https://openalex.org/W2998437211","https://openalex.org/W3013562298","https://openalex.org/W4213069590","https://openalex.org/W4236424271"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4353000291","https://openalex.org/W163428574","https://openalex.org/W2353548816","https://openalex.org/W3017075666","https://openalex.org/W2347584880","https://openalex.org/W4200522927","https://openalex.org/W2587178646","https://openalex.org/W2784375390","https://openalex.org/W2381820935","https://openalex.org/W3194174502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Trust":[0],"and":[1,15,40,43,78,83,94,119,244,246,256,272,281],"reputation":[2],"play":[3],"a":[4,81,164,200,210,217],"core":[5],"role":[6],"in":[7,28,203,228],"underground":[8,25,85],"cybercrime":[9],"markets,":[10],"where":[11],"participants":[12],"are":[13,72,248],"anonymous":[14],"there":[16],"is":[17,263],"little":[18],"legal":[19],"recourse":[20],"for":[21,134,241],"dispute":[22],"arbitration.":[23],"These":[24],"markets":[26],"exist":[27],"tension":[29],"between":[30],"two":[31,101],"opposing":[32],"forces:":[33],"the":[34,41,62,66,75,91,117,123,137,142,159,189,192,213,222,249,279],"drive":[35],"to":[36,54,107,115,232],"hide":[37],"incriminating":[38],"information,":[39],"trust":[42],"stability":[44],"benefits":[45],"that":[46,196],"greater":[47],"openness":[48],"yields.":[49],"Revealing":[50],"information":[51],"about":[52,61,74],"transactions":[53,76],"mitigate":[55],"scams":[56],"also":[57],"provides":[58],"valuable":[59],"data":[60],"market.":[63],"We":[64,110,236],"analyse":[65,116,188],"first":[67],"dataset,":[68],"of":[69,122,144,167,172,191,212,258],"which":[70,179],"we":[71,140,162,187,198],"aware,":[73],"created":[77],"completed":[79],"on":[80],"well-known":[82],"high-traffic":[84],"marketplace,":[86],"Hack":[87],"Forums,":[88],"along":[89],"with":[90,274],"associated":[92],"threads":[93],"posts":[95],"made":[96],"by":[97,226,253],"its":[98,129],"users":[99,145,220,271],"over":[100,125,267],"recent":[102],"years,":[103],"from":[104,182],"June":[105,108],"2018":[106],"2020.":[109],"use":[111],"statistical":[112],"modelling":[113],"approaches":[114],"economic":[118],"social":[120],"characteristics":[121],"market":[124,262],"three":[126],"eras,":[127],"especially":[128],"performance":[130],"as":[131,150,152,176],"an":[132,183],"infrastructure":[133],"trust.":[135],"In":[136,158],"Set-up":[138,280],"era,":[139,161],"observe":[141,163,237],"growth":[143],"making":[146],"only":[147],"one":[148],"transaction,":[149],"well":[151],"'power-users'":[153],"who":[154],"make":[155],"many":[156],"transactions.":[157],"Stable":[160],"wide":[165],"range":[166],"activities":[168],"(including":[169],"large-scale":[170],"transfers":[171],"intermediate":[173],"currencies":[174],"such":[175],"Amazon":[177],"Giftcards)":[178],"declines":[180],"slowly":[181],"initial":[184],"peak.":[185],"Finally,":[186],"effects":[190],"Covid-19":[193,282],"pandemic,":[194],"concluding":[195],"while":[197],"see":[199],"significant":[201,275],"increase":[202],"transactins":[204],"across":[205],"all":[206],"categories,":[207],"this":[208],"reflects":[209],"stimulus":[211],"market,":[214],"rather":[215],"than":[216],"transformation.":[218],"New":[219],"overcome":[221],"'cold":[223],"start'":[224],"problem":[225],"engaging":[227],"low-level":[229],"currency":[230,238],"exchanges":[231],"prove":[233],"their":[234],"trustworthiness.":[235],"exchange":[239],"accounts":[240],"most":[242],"contracts,":[243],"Bitcoin":[245],"PayPal":[247],"preferred":[250],"payment":[251],"methods":[252],"trading":[254],"values":[255],"number":[257],"contracts":[259],"involved.":[260],"The":[261],"becoming":[264],"more":[265],"centralised":[266],"time":[268],"around":[269],"influential":[270],"threads,":[273],"changes":[276],"observed":[277],"during":[278],"eras.":[283]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-12-16T23:43:54.943958","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}