{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3128019607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419368","title":"A Review of Cognitive Assistants for Healthcare","display_name":"A Review of Cognitive Assistants for Healthcare","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3128019607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419368","mag":"3128019607"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3419368","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066969862","display_name":"Sarah Masud Preum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7771-8323"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52768194","display_name":"Hanover College","ror":"https://ror.org/00vc14296","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52768194"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah Masud Preum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Hanover, NH, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7771-8323","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Hanover, NH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52768194","https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110082936","display_name":"Sirajum Munir","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120115","display_name":"Robert Bosch (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02venad53","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120115","https://openalex.org/I889804353"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sirajum Munir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bosch Research and Technology Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bosch Research and Technology Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120115"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007967134","display_name":"Meiyi Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6916-8774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meiyi Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6916-8774","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086074961","display_name":"Mohammad Samin Yasar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4684-2823"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Samin Yasar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048912999","display_name":"David J. Stone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4855-4283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David J. Stone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departments of Anesthesiology and Neurosurgery, and the Center for Advanced Medical Analytics, University of Virginia School of Medicine; MIT Critical Data, Laboratory for Computational Physiology, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Charlottesville, VA, USA","Departments of Anesthesiology and Neurosurgery, and the Center for Advanced Medical Analytics, University of Virginia School of Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Anesthesiology and Neurosurgery, and the Center for Advanced Medical Analytics, University of Virginia School of Medicine; MIT Critical Data, Laboratory for Computational Physiology, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Anesthesiology and Neurosurgery, and the Center for Advanced Medical Analytics, University of Virginia School of Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072645772","display_name":"Ronald D. Williams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5763-998X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronald Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055237181","display_name":"Homa Alemzadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5279-842X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Homa Alemzadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100603760","display_name":"John A. Stankovic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7307-9395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John A. Stankovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.6572,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":68,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95945227,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"6","first_page":"1","last_page":"37"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7469648718833923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6482458710670471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.6312263011932373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","score":0.5432043075561523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.5122870206832886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.5087535977363586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.47031986713409424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.4403221309185028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4288023114204407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.418567419052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-research","display_name":"Open research","score":0.41127437353134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.396356999874115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34627747535705566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1465907096862793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.13298171758651733}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7469648718833923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6482458710670471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.6312263011932373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.5432043075561523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5122870206832886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5087535977363586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.47031986713409424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.4403221309185028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4288023114204407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.418567419052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778464652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309849","display_name":"Open research","level":2,"score":0.41127437353134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.396356999874115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34627747535705566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1465907096862793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.13298171758651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3419368","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":99,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W139725859","https://openalex.org/W1486389902","https://openalex.org/W1491538016","https://openalex.org/W1524281572","https://openalex.org/W1898826161","https://openalex.org/W1949073527","https://openalex.org/W1968584869","https://openalex.org/W1976869056","https://openalex.org/W1982694237","https://openalex.org/W1984888218","https://openalex.org/W1995651962","https://openalex.org/W2012945211","https://openalex.org/W2015366942","https://openalex.org/W2017372346","https://openalex.org/W2017393982","https://openalex.org/W2017967298","https://openalex.org/W2020218605","https://openalex.org/W2020243185","https://openalex.org/W2025241052","https://openalex.org/W2026161286","https://openalex.org/W2027799099","https://openalex.org/W2028018231","https://openalex.org/W2033110081","https://openalex.org/W2034977263","https://openalex.org/W2039698315","https://openalex.org/W2061151616","https://openalex.org/W2066347963","https://openalex.org/W2066391335","https://openalex.org/W2067711177","https://openalex.org/W2075457858","https://openalex.org/W2078866700","https://openalex.org/W2080579909","https://openalex.org/W2089441678","https://openalex.org/W2092977159","https://openalex.org/W2095308508","https://openalex.org/W2107466310","https://openalex.org/W2108125015","https://openalex.org/W2109342445","https://openalex.org/W2109894686","https://openalex.org/W2115388189","https://openalex.org/W2118588785","https://openalex.org/W2119141328","https://openalex.org/W2120436369","https://openalex.org/W2123268655","https://openalex.org/W2125444986","https://openalex.org/W2129961807","https://openalex.org/W2140440113","https://openalex.org/W2145151298","https://openalex.org/W2148905283","https://openalex.org/W2169086223","https://openalex.org/W2169712060","https://openalex.org/W2178898451","https://openalex.org/W2180774566","https://openalex.org/W2187613434","https://openalex.org/W2211457194","https://openalex.org/W2279893406","https://openalex.org/W2289646899","https://openalex.org/W2321342967","https://openalex.org/W2498404722","https://openalex.org/W2508778727","https://openalex.org/W2573540738","https://openalex.org/W2595416481","https://openalex.org/W2597001495","https://openalex.org/W2600138713","https://openalex.org/W2611369375","https://openalex.org/W2613753007","https://openalex.org/W2765252989","https://openalex.org/W2768372676","https://openalex.org/W2774527611","https://openalex.org/W2789955936","https://openalex.org/W2798739050","https://openalex.org/W2799178986","https://openalex.org/W2802764684","https://openalex.org/W2811444527","https://openalex.org/W2817444562","https://openalex.org/W2843010082","https://openalex.org/W2887387490","https://openalex.org/W2888766141","https://openalex.org/W2896838208","https://openalex.org/W2896893468","https://openalex.org/W2899770092","https://openalex.org/W2904939249","https://openalex.org/W2905747278","https://openalex.org/W2909451701","https://openalex.org/W2911480871","https://openalex.org/W2911846334","https://openalex.org/W2913756371","https://openalex.org/W2916266369","https://openalex.org/W2918753059","https://openalex.org/W2929028679","https://openalex.org/W2947869958","https://openalex.org/W2967096258","https://openalex.org/W2969168715","https://openalex.org/W2975366483","https://openalex.org/W2989512989","https://openalex.org/W3002937438","https://openalex.org/W3003690245","https://openalex.org/W3046777924","https://openalex.org/W4292994367"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2165912799","https://openalex.org/W2735662278","https://openalex.org/W2382615723","https://openalex.org/W4311804456","https://openalex.org/W1987484445","https://openalex.org/W2623658258","https://openalex.org/W1969219540","https://openalex.org/W2143413548","https://openalex.org/W2370459448","https://openalex.org/W2152260668"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Healthcare":[0],"cognitive":[1,27,32,195],"assistants":[2,196],"(HCAs)":[3],"are":[4,66],"intelligent":[5],"systems":[6],"or":[7,29],"agents":[8],"that":[9],"interact":[10],"with":[11],"users":[12,40],"in":[13,53,80],"a":[14,31,36,77,125,132],"context-aware":[15],"and":[16,72,89,120,130,145,153,165,167,175,183],"adaptive":[17],"manner":[18],"to":[19,44,68,99,112,140,186],"improve":[20],"their":[21,26,45,141,159],"health":[22],"outcomes":[23],"by":[24],"augmenting":[25],"abilities":[28],"complementing":[30],"impairment.":[33],"They":[34],"assist":[35],"wide":[37],"variety":[38],"of":[39,128,136,190,194],"ranging":[41],"from":[42,105],"patients":[43],"healthcare":[46],"providers":[47],"(e.g.,":[48,56],"general":[49],"practitioner,":[50],"specialist,":[51],"surgeon)":[52],"several":[54],"situations":[55],"remote":[57],"patient":[58],"monitoring,":[59],"emergency":[60],"response,":[61],"robotic":[62],"surgery).":[63],"While":[64],"HCAs":[65,129,138,156],"critical":[67,180],"ensure":[69],"personalized,":[70],"scalable,":[71],"efficient":[73],"healthcare,":[74],"there":[75],"exists":[76],"knowledge":[78],"gap":[79,102],"finding":[81],"the":[82,146,188,191],"emerging":[83],"trends,":[84],"key":[85],"challenges,":[86],"design":[87,184],"guidelines,":[88],"state-of-the-art":[90],"technologies":[91],"suitable":[92],"for":[93,103,197],"developing":[94],"HCAs.":[95],"This":[96,150],"survey":[97,151],"aims":[98],"bridge":[100],"this":[101],"researchers":[104],"multiple":[106],"domains,":[107],"including":[108],"but":[109],"not":[110],"limited":[111],"cyber-physical":[113],"systems,":[114],"artificial":[115],"intelligence,":[116],"human-computer":[117],"interaction,":[118],"robotics,":[119],"smart":[121],"health.":[122],"It":[123],"provides":[124],"comprehensive":[126],"definition":[127],"outlines":[131],"novel,":[133],"practical":[134],"categorization":[135],"existing":[137,155],"according":[139],"target":[142],"user":[143],"role":[144],"underlying":[147],"application":[148],"goals.":[149],"summarizes":[152],"assorts":[154],"based":[157],"on":[158],"characteristic":[160],"features":[161],"(i.e.,":[162,171],"interactive,":[163],"context-aware,":[164],"adaptive)":[166],"enabling":[168],"technological":[169],"aspects":[170],"sensing,":[172],"actuation,":[173],"control,":[174],"computation).":[176],"Finally,":[177],"it":[178],"identifies":[179],"research":[181],"questions":[182],"recommendations":[185],"accelerate":[187],"development":[189],"next":[192],"generation":[193],"healthcare.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}