{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3094733650","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419249.3420142","title":"Four Types of Toxic People: Characterizing Online Users\u2019 Toxicity over Time","display_name":"Four Types of Toxic People: Characterizing Online Users\u2019 Toxicity over Time","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3094733650","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419249.3420142","mag":"3094733650"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3419249.3420142","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419249.3420142","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Shaping Experiences, Shaping Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055826525","display_name":"Raghvendra Mall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1779-3150"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raghvendra Mall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qatar Computing Research Institute Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qatar Computing Research Institute Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088030879","display_name":"Mridul Nagpal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64189192","display_name":"International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad","ror":"https://ror.org/05f11g639","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64189192"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mridul Nagpal","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64189192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083126896","display_name":"Joni Salminen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3230-0561"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joni Salminen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qatar Computing Research Institute Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar, and Turku School of Economics at the University of Turku, Turku"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qatar Computing Research Institute Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar, and Turku School of Economics at the University of Turku, Turku","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077958415","display_name":"Hind Almerekhi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3183-2374"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hind Almerekhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qatar Computing Research Institute Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qatar Computing Research Institute Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112865214","display_name":"Soon\u2010gyo Jung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soon-Gyo Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qatar Computing Research Institute Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qatar Computing Research Institute Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044849571","display_name":"Bernard J. Jansen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6468-6609"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernard J. Jansen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qatar Computing Research Institute Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qatar Computing Research Institute Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0347,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81098922,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11540","display_name":"Gender, Feminism, and Media","score":0.9706000089645386,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10485","display_name":"Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression","score":0.9591000080108643,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toxicity","display_name":"Toxicity","score":0.7309510707855225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.613693118095398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.3937128186225891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3831495940685272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.14418521523475647}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29730261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274160","display_name":"Toxicity","level":2,"score":0.7309510707855225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.613693118095398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3937128186225891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3831495940685272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.14418521523475647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3419249.3420142","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419249.3420142","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Shaping Experiences, Shaping Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W86516490","https://openalex.org/W1516184288","https://openalex.org/W1854214752","https://openalex.org/W2030888930","https://openalex.org/W2064340336","https://openalex.org/W2145162117","https://openalex.org/W2216854803","https://openalex.org/W2263859238","https://openalex.org/W2301953046","https://openalex.org/W2408366251","https://openalex.org/W2535901130","https://openalex.org/W2540646130","https://openalex.org/W2553089092","https://openalex.org/W2607388700","https://openalex.org/W2622302858","https://openalex.org/W2741770859","https://openalex.org/W2774215862","https://openalex.org/W2788708648","https://openalex.org/W2887782043","https://openalex.org/W2902799923","https://openalex.org/W2902985622","https://openalex.org/W2974628855","https://openalex.org/W2976159718","https://openalex.org/W3004121134","https://openalex.org/W3007492632","https://openalex.org/W3012846194","https://openalex.org/W3013437827","https://openalex.org/W3032424578","https://openalex.org/W3100346973","https://openalex.org/W4210975214","https://openalex.org/W4239946314","https://openalex.org/W4252729647","https://openalex.org/W4281646331","https://openalex.org/W6812014127"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2478288626","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Identifying":[0],"types":[1,85,222],"of":[2,57,74,91,167,184,196,201],"online":[3,185],"users\u2019":[4],"toxic":[5,37,83,111,122,155,172,190,203],"behavior":[6,165,211],"reveals":[7],"important":[8],"insights":[9],"from":[10,78,134],"social":[11],"media":[12],"interactions,":[13],"including":[14],"whether":[15],"a":[16,47,72,92],"user":[17,38,76,84,221],"becomes":[18,120,223],"\u201cradicalized\u201d":[19],"(more":[20],"toxic)":[21,25],"or":[22],"\u201cpacified\u201d":[23],"(less":[24],"over":[26,103],"time.":[27],"In":[28],"this":[29],"research,":[30],"we":[31,216],"design":[32],"two":[33],"metrics":[34,70,215],"to":[35,71,208,229],"identify":[36],"types:":[39],"F":[40],"score":[41,52],"that":[42,53,108,129,139,161],"captures":[43,54],"the":[44,55,58,63,88,135,143,162,182,214],"changes":[45],"in":[46,62,123,194],"user\u2019s":[48,64,93],"toxicity,":[49],"and":[50,112,125,153,173,192,205,236],"G":[51],"direction":[56],"shift":[59],"taking":[60],"place":[61,235],"toxicity":[65,89,99,168],"pattern.":[66],"We":[67],"apply":[68],"these":[69,210,220,232],"dataset":[73,137],"4M":[75],"comments":[77],"Reddit":[79,136],"by":[80,148,187],"defining":[81],"four":[82],"based":[86],"on":[87],"scores":[90,100],"comments:":[94],"(a)":[95],"Steady":[96],"Users":[97,107,117,128],"whose":[98,118],"are":[101],"steady":[102],"time,":[104,124],"(b)":[105],"Fickle-Minded":[106],"switch":[109],"between":[110,171],"non-toxic":[113,174],"commenting,":[114],"(c)":[115],"Pacified":[116],"commenting":[119],"less":[121],"(d)":[126],"Radicalized":[127],"become":[130],"gradually":[131],"toxic.":[132],"Findings":[133],"indicate":[138],"fickle-minded":[140],"users":[141,156,191,193],"form":[142],"largest":[144],"group":[145],"(31.2%),":[146],"followed":[147],"pacified":[149],"(25.8%),":[150],"radicalized":[151,198],"(25.4%),":[152],"steadily":[154],"(17.6%).":[157],"The":[158],"results":[159],"suggest":[160],"most":[163],"typical":[164],"type":[166],"is":[169,227],"switching":[170],"commenting.":[175],"This":[176],"research":[177,226],"has":[178],"implications":[179],"for":[180],"preserving":[181],"user-friendliness":[183],"communities":[186],"identifying":[188,219],"continuously":[189],"danger":[195],"becoming":[197],"(in":[199],"terms":[200],"their":[202],"behavior),":[204],"designing":[206],"interventions":[207],"mitigate":[209],"types.":[212],"Using":[213],"have":[217],"defined,":[218],"possible.":[224],"More":[225],"needed":[228],"understand":[230],"why":[231],"patterns":[233],"take":[234],"how":[237],"they":[238],"could":[239],"be":[240],"mitigated.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}