{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3095089800","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419111.3421275","title":"Particle","display_name":"Particle","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3095089800","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419111.3421275","mag":"3095089800"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3419111.3421275","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419111.3421275","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419111.3421275","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089936774","display_name":"Shelby Thomas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800935791","display_name":"UC San Diego Health System","ror":"https://ror.org/01kbfgm16","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800935791"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shelby Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC San Diego"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800935791"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030609908","display_name":"Lixiang Ao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800935791","display_name":"UC San Diego Health System","ror":"https://ror.org/01kbfgm16","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800935791"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lixiang Ao","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC San Diego"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800935791"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081366293","display_name":"Geoffrey M. Voelker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0865-7499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800935791","display_name":"UC San Diego Health System","ror":"https://ror.org/01kbfgm16","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800935791"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geoffrey M. Voelker","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC San Diego"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800935791"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053471164","display_name":"George Porter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9753-5471"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800935791","display_name":"UC San Diego Health System","ror":"https://ror.org/01kbfgm16","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800935791"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Porter","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC San Diego"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800935791"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800935791"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5443,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95828645,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"16","last_page":"29"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10742","display_name":"Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8458369970321655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.59298175573349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overlay","display_name":"Overlay","score":0.5719029307365417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overlay-network","display_name":"Overlay network","score":0.5495830178260803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.493368536233902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-network","display_name":"Virtual network","score":0.470886766910553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.46164196729660034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4508282542228699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.42908546328544617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.4096866250038147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.22355660796165466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.12854039669036865}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8458369970321655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.59298175573349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136085584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910289","display_name":"Overlay","level":2,"score":0.5719029307365417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169851745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331985","display_name":"Overlay network","level":3,"score":0.5495830178260803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.493368536233902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776874963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4112081","display_name":"Virtual network","level":2,"score":0.470886766910553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.46164196729660034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4508282542228699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.42908546328544617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.4096866250038147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.22355660796165466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.12854039669036865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3419111.3421275","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419111.3421275","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3419111.3421275","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3419111.3421275","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5600000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1902354325","https://openalex.org/W2082171780","https://openalex.org/W2100830825","https://openalex.org/W2156580773","https://openalex.org/W2173213060","https://openalex.org/W2591324491","https://openalex.org/W2751343396","https://openalex.org/W2886050937","https://openalex.org/W2892973774","https://openalex.org/W2899160556","https://openalex.org/W2900867913","https://openalex.org/W2986083395"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W89955905","https://openalex.org/W1691715735","https://openalex.org/W1637847238","https://openalex.org/W2042060105","https://openalex.org/W2126533264","https://openalex.org/W2122565901","https://openalex.org/W2041341978","https://openalex.org/W2749656779","https://openalex.org/W4210965064","https://openalex.org/W2134691083"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Burst-parallel":[0],"serverless":[1,105,111,126,143],"applications":[2],"invoke":[3],"thousands":[4],"of":[5,46,57,89],"short-lived":[6,110],"distributed":[7],"functions":[8],"to":[9,44,85],"complete":[10],"complex":[11],"jobs":[12],"such":[13],"as":[14,91,93],"data":[15],"analytics,":[16],"video":[17,145],"encoding,":[18],"or":[19,137],"compilation.":[20],"While":[21],"these":[22],"tasks":[23],"execute":[24],"in":[25,63,109],"seconds,":[26],"starting":[27],"and":[28,71],"configuring":[29],"the":[30,55,83],"virtual":[31],"network":[32,59,121,131],"they":[33],"rely":[34],"on":[35,76,114],"is":[36,99],"a":[37,87,120,142],"major":[38],"bottleneck":[39],"that":[40,80,100,129],"can":[41],"consume":[42],"up":[43],"84%":[45],"total":[47],"startup":[48,78],"time.":[49],"In":[50],"this":[51,58],"paper":[52],"we":[53,117],"characterize":[54],"magnitude":[56],"cold":[60],"start":[61],"problem":[62],"three":[64],"popular":[65],"overlay":[66,102,127],"networks,":[67],"Docker":[68],"Swarm,":[69],"Weave,":[70],"Linux":[72],"Overlay.":[73],"We":[74],"focus":[75],"end-to-end":[77],"time":[79,84],"encompasses":[81],"both":[82],"boot":[86],"group":[88],"containers":[90],"well":[92],"interconnecting":[94],"them.":[95],"Our":[96],"primary":[97],"observation":[98],"existing":[101,155],"approaches":[103],"for":[104,124],"networking":[106],"scale":[107],"poorly":[108],"environments.":[112],"Based":[113],"our":[115],"findings":[116],"develop":[118],"Particle,":[119],"stack":[122],"tailored":[123],"multi-node":[125],"networks":[128],"optimizes":[130],"creation":[132],"without":[133],"sacrificing":[134],"multi-tenancy,":[135],"generality,":[136],"throughput.":[138],"When":[139],"integrated":[140],"into":[141],"burst-parallel":[144],"processing":[146],"pipeline,":[147],"Particle":[148],"improves":[149],"application":[150],"runtime":[151],"by":[152],"2.4--3X":[153],"over":[154],"overlays.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2020-11-09T00:00:00"}