{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3115728776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3417708","title":"Refresh Triggered Computation","display_name":"Refresh Triggered Computation","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3115728776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3417708","mag":"3115728776"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3417708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3417708","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3417708","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26056741","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","issn_l":"1544-3566","issn":["1544-3566","1544-3973"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3417708","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110761812","display_name":"Syed M. A. H. Jafri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Syed M. A. H. Jafri","raw_affiliation_strings":["KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Kista, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Kista, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032313427","display_name":"Hasan Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9766-007X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hasan Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Z\u00fcrich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Z\u00fcrich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026355063","display_name":"Ahmed Hemani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0565-9376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Hemani","raw_affiliation_strings":["KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Kista, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Kista, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050695684","display_name":"Onur Mutlu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0075-2312"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Onur Mutlu","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Z\u00fcrich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Z\u00fcrich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110761812"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9241,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74303136,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"29"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dram","display_name":"Dram","score":0.8988171815872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.851817786693573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.6110197901725769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5855126976966858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.5642157196998596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.5052080750465393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cas-latency","display_name":"CAS latency","score":0.4786728322505951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.4659389555454254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.42778560519218445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-controller","display_name":"Memory controller","score":0.20876812934875488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.14207860827445984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semiconductor-memory","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","score":0.09730491042137146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07534971833229065}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7366592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1255620","display_name":"Dram","level":2,"score":0.8988171815872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.851817786693573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6110197901725769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5855126976966858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5642157196998596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.5052080750465393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189930140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1112878","display_name":"CAS latency","level":4,"score":0.4786728322505951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.4659389555454254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.42778560519218445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100800780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1175867","display_name":"Memory controller","level":3,"score":0.20876812934875488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.14207860827445984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98986596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143031","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","level":2,"score":0.09730491042137146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07534971833229065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3417708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3417708","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3417708","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26056741","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","issn_l":"1544-3566","issn":["1544-3566","1544-3973"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3417708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3417708","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3417708","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26056741","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","issn_l":"1544-3566","issn":["1544-3566","1544-3973"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306087","display_name":"Semiconductor Research Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/047z4n946"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307102","display_name":"Intel Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309327","display_name":"Google","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316785","display_name":"VMware","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322183","display_name":"Huawei Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3115728776.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3115728776.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":123,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W47391476","https://openalex.org/W148021875","https://openalex.org/W1483312157","https://openalex.org/W1496414880","https://openalex.org/W1578894366","https://openalex.org/W1943732115","https://openalex.org/W1965522623","https://openalex.org/W1966282149","https://openalex.org/W1970426108","https://openalex.org/W1978432500","https://openalex.org/W1979866689","https://openalex.org/W1983178358","https://openalex.org/W1988664198","https://openalex.org/W1989608846","https://openalex.org/W2027476456","https://openalex.org/W2031961381","https://openalex.org/W2037113830","https://openalex.org/W2041209283","https://openalex.org/W2046826852","https://openalex.org/W2047796871","https://openalex.org/W2055362715","https://openalex.org/W2058234234","https://openalex.org/W2066603476","https://openalex.org/W2087064593","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2100787464","https://openalex.org/W2104891966","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2116465811","https://openalex.org/W2119092821","https://openalex.org/W2124237318","https://openalex.org/W2127122252","https://openalex.org/W2129991978","https://openalex.org/W2130154972","https://openalex.org/W2134673133","https://openalex.org/W2135463994","https://openalex.org/W2135965542","https://openalex.org/W2142875853","https://openalex.org/W2144005128","https://openalex.org/W2148605318","https://openalex.org/W2152839228","https://openalex.org/W2157116240","https://openalex.org/W2158319074","https://openalex.org/W2158620667","https://openalex.org/W2162838417","https://openalex.org/W2163953032","https://openalex.org/W2164586147","https://openalex.org/W2165899471","https://openalex.org/W2169370030","https://openalex.org/W2170257519","https://openalex.org/W2170669923","https://openalex.org/W2171148960","https://openalex.org/W2172654076","https://openalex.org/W2187230075","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2250217037","https://openalex.org/W2285660444","https://openalex.org/W2293640271","https://openalex.org/W2331766458","https://openalex.org/W2332254524","https://openalex.org/W2418958843","https://openalex.org/W2442974303","https://openalex.org/W2481351972","https://openalex.org/W2512214806","https://openalex.org/W2529008862","https://openalex.org/W2546811911","https://openalex.org/W2612835180","https://openalex.org/W2617328172","https://openalex.org/W2619941915","https://openalex.org/W2621772158","https://openalex.org/W2624299682","https://openalex.org/W2755574246","https://openalex.org/W2762750764","https://openalex.org/W2766489088","https://openalex.org/W2794842046","https://openalex.org/W2808118451","https://openalex.org/W2809491099","https://openalex.org/W2884687835","https://openalex.org/W2904440456","https://openalex.org/W2905808651","https://openalex.org/W2909263076","https://openalex.org/W2910048917","https://openalex.org/W2953044030","https://openalex.org/W2955563193","https://openalex.org/W2969618534","https://openalex.org/W2979754840","https://openalex.org/W2987972848","https://openalex.org/W2997613220","https://openalex.org/W2998041822","https://openalex.org/W2999623539","https://openalex.org/W3004383742","https://openalex.org/W3016460116","https://openalex.org/W3022841333","https://openalex.org/W3033124768","https://openalex.org/W3042624570","https://openalex.org/W3042829099","https://openalex.org/W3083363381","https://openalex.org/W3090134241","https://openalex.org/W3099549854","https://openalex.org/W3100461726","https://openalex.org/W3101416431","https://openalex.org/W3147501999","https://openalex.org/W3150909204","https://openalex.org/W3151762208","https://openalex.org/W4211113724","https://openalex.org/W4230315356","https://openalex.org/W4232902075","https://openalex.org/W4232955467","https://openalex.org/W4233262716","https://openalex.org/W4234178886","https://openalex.org/W4234197339","https://openalex.org/W4236382111","https://openalex.org/W4236504400","https://openalex.org/W4239088979","https://openalex.org/W4242502357","https://openalex.org/W4245018380","https://openalex.org/W4245276998","https://openalex.org/W4254473027","https://openalex.org/W4255078785","https://openalex.org/W4255128646","https://openalex.org/W4255681033","https://openalex.org/W4288365619","https://openalex.org/W4302446471"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293430534","https://openalex.org/W2342813629","https://openalex.org/W3150934690","https://openalex.org/W2335743642","https://openalex.org/W4297812927","https://openalex.org/W2800412005","https://openalex.org/W1976244802","https://openalex.org/W2083934844","https://openalex.org/W1992487929","https://openalex.org/W4386903460"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"employ":[1],"a":[2,105,152,156,163,181,221,257,352],"Convolutional":[3],"Neural":[4,331],"Network":[5,332],"(CNN)":[6],"in":[7,55,162,226,256],"an":[8,250],"energy-constrained":[9],"embedded":[10],"system,":[11,71],"it":[12],"is":[13,59,84,90,145],"critical":[14],"for":[15,62,267,289,324,351],"the":[16,39,65,70,78,85,96,115,124,137,160,169,173,177,196,231,242,290,294],"CNN":[17,28,120,153],"implementation":[18],"to":[19,37,92,122,135,199,230,342],"be":[20,188,340],"highly":[21],"energy":[22,40,67,80,283,323],"efficient.":[23],"Many":[24],"recent":[25],"studies":[26],"propose":[27,104,209],"accelerator":[29],"architectures":[30],"with":[31],"custom":[32],"computation":[33],"units":[34],"that":[35,113,151,202,278,316],"try":[36],"improve":[38],"efficiency":[41],"and":[42,165,179,215,262,287,293,320,327],"performance":[43],"of":[44,64,69,77,82,95,119,126,159,172,184,218,224,228,235,253],"CNNs":[45,276],"by":[46,285],"minimizing":[47],"data":[48],"transfers":[49],"from":[50,311],"DRAM-based":[51],"main":[52],"memory.":[53],"However,":[54],"these":[56],"architectures,":[57],"DRAM":[58,83,98,161,200,232,260,282,322],"still":[60],"responsible":[61],"half":[63],"overall":[66],"consumption":[68,81,284],"on":[72,147,273,308],"average.":[73],"A":[74],"key":[75],"factor":[76],"high":[79],"refresh":[86,127,138,176,185,197],"overhead":[87,252,266],",":[88,112,334],"which":[89,219],"estimated":[91],"consume":[93],"40%":[94],"total":[97],"energy.":[99],"In":[100],"this":[101],"article,":[102],"we":[103,302],"new":[106,149],"mechanism,":[107],"Refresh":[108,141],"Triggered":[109,142],"Computation":[110],"(RTC)":[111],"exploits":[114],"memory":[116,346],"access":[117,347],"patterns":[118,348],"applications":[121,344],"reduce":[123],"number":[125],"operations":[128,186,198],".":[129],"RTC":[130,211,245,279,297,306,317,338],"uses":[131],"two":[132],"major":[133],"techniques":[134],"mitigate":[136],"overhead.":[139,240],"First,":[140],"Transfer":[143],"(RTT)":[144],"based":[146],"our":[148,236,305],"observation":[150],"application":[154,174],"accesses":[155,171],"large":[157],"portion":[158],"predictable":[164,350],"recurring":[166],"manner.":[167],"Thus,":[168],"read/write":[170],"inherently":[175],"DRAM,":[178],"therefore":[180],"significant":[182],"fraction":[183],"can":[187,263,339],"skipped.":[189],"Second,":[190],"Partial":[191],"Array":[192],"Auto-Refresh":[193],"(PAAR)":[194],"eliminates":[195],"regions":[201],"do":[203],"not":[204],"store":[205],"any":[206],"data.":[207],"We":[208,314,336],"three":[210,309],"designs":[212,237],"(min-RTC,":[213],"mid-RTC,":[214],"full-RTC),":[216],"each":[217],"requires":[220],"different":[222],"level":[223],"aggressiveness":[225],"terms":[227],"customization":[229],"subsystem.":[233],"All":[234],"have":[238,264],"small":[239],"Even":[241],"most":[243,295],"aggressive":[244,292,296],"design":[246],"(i.e.,":[247],"full-RTC)":[248],"imposes":[249],"area":[251],"only":[254],"0.18%":[255],"16":[258],"Gb":[259],"chip":[261],"less":[265],"denser":[268],"chips.":[269],"Our":[270],"experimental":[271],"evaluation":[272],"six":[274],"well-known":[275],"shows":[277],"reduces":[280],"average":[281],"24.4%":[286],"61.3%":[288],"least":[291],"implementations,":[298],"respectively.":[299,335],"Besides":[300],"CNNs,":[301],"also":[303],"evaluate":[304],"mechanism":[307],"workloads":[310],"other":[312,343],"domains.":[313],"show":[315],"saves":[318],"31.9%":[319],"16.9%":[321],"Face":[325],"Recognition":[326],"Bayesian":[328],"Confidence":[329],"Propagation":[330],"(BCPNN)":[333],"believe":[337],"applied":[341],"whose":[345],"remain":[349],"sufficiently":[353],"long":[354],"time.":[355]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}