{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3104898586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3414685.3417861","title":"Modular primitives for high-performance differentiable rendering","display_name":"Modular primitives for high-performance differentiable rendering","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3104898586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3414685.3417861","mag":"3104898586"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3414685.3417861","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3414685.3417861","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.03277","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029831111","display_name":"Samuli Laine","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0903-3197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304085615","display_name":"Nvidia (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/02kr42612","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615","https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuli Laine","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA","nVidia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"nVidia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059146062","display_name":"Janne Hellsten","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304085615","display_name":"Nvidia (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/02kr42612","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615","https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Janne Hellsten","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA","nVidia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"nVidia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004093189","display_name":"Tero Karras","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304085615","display_name":"Nvidia (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/02kr42612","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615","https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tero Karras","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA","nVidia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"nVidia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063397180","display_name":"Yeongho Seol","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7327-2950"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304085615","display_name":"Nvidia (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/02kr42612","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615","https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yeongho Seol","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA","nVidia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"nVidia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103009697","display_name":"Jaakko Lehtinen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9418-4944"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304085615","display_name":"Nvidia (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/02kr42612","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615","https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaakko Lehtinen","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA and Aalto University","[NVIDIA and Aalto University]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA and Aalto University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615","https://openalex.org/I9927081"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[NVIDIA and Aalto University]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080133323","display_name":"Timo Aila","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9437-4438"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304085615","display_name":"Nvidia (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/02kr42612","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615","https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timo Aila","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA","nVidia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"nVidia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.7813,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96310016,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"6","first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8110756874084473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.7919777631759644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics-pipeline","display_name":"Graphics pipeline","score":0.7618492245674133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.7288936376571655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.6001144051551819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differentiable-function","display_name":"Differentiable function","score":0.5878486037254333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-rendering","display_name":"Software rendering","score":0.5669677257537842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics","display_name":"Graphics","score":0.5245587825775146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline-transport","display_name":"Pipeline transport","score":0.4868256449699402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics","score":0.4787941873073578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.45032304525375366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/texture-memory","display_name":"Texture memory","score":0.419638454914093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics-hardware","display_name":"Graphics hardware","score":0.410126268863678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-computer-graphics","display_name":"3D computer graphics","score":0.3978648781776428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34228700399398804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.16262781620025635}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8110756874084473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.7919777631759644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173552908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1366289","display_name":"Graphics pipeline","level":4,"score":0.7618492245674133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.7288936376571655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.6001144051551819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202615002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q783507","display_name":"Differentiable function","level":2,"score":0.5878486037254333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109772839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297645","display_name":"Software rendering","level":4,"score":0.5669677257537842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879","display_name":"Graphics","level":2,"score":0.5245587825775146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175309249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725864","display_name":"Pipeline transport","level":2,"score":0.4868256449699402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77660652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150971","display_name":"Computer graphics","level":2,"score":0.4787941873073578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.45032304525375366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18766215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7708532","display_name":"Texture memory","level":5,"score":0.419638454914093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18945957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5597193","display_name":"Graphics hardware","level":3,"score":0.410126268863678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66629338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189177","display_name":"3D computer graphics","level":3,"score":0.3978648781776428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34228700399398804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.16262781620025635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3414685.3417861","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3414685.3417861","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2011.03277","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2011.03277","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.03277","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3104898586","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.03277.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/110924","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/110924","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401662","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"acceptedVersion"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2011.03277","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2011.03277","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2011.03277","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2011.03277","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.03277","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W183071939","https://openalex.org/W1974881771","https://openalex.org/W1987875999","https://openalex.org/W1991528218","https://openalex.org/W2069997605","https://openalex.org/W2102924784","https://openalex.org/W2103607478","https://openalex.org/W2103788848","https://openalex.org/W2104425538","https://openalex.org/W2104587129","https://openalex.org/W2115728367","https://openalex.org/W2122585444","https://openalex.org/W2129988621","https://openalex.org/W2147774191","https://openalex.org/W2154353521","https://openalex.org/W2157079418","https://openalex.org/W2161604086","https://openalex.org/W2237250383","https://openalex.org/W2267893120","https://openalex.org/W2480330262","https://openalex.org/W2496551394","https://openalex.org/W2902812770","https://openalex.org/W2962818260","https://openalex.org/W2963527086","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2970086547","https://openalex.org/W2985626319","https://openalex.org/W2986023562","https://openalex.org/W2990173985","https://openalex.org/W3007223939","https://openalex.org/W4238101556","https://openalex.org/W4255908685"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3106672182","https://openalex.org/W1981896797","https://openalex.org/W2166455849","https://openalex.org/W2052913755","https://openalex.org/W1949112444","https://openalex.org/W2138562463","https://openalex.org/W3145589751","https://openalex.org/W2134643591","https://openalex.org/W2108419950","https://openalex.org/W1579987366","https://openalex.org/W2591265270","https://openalex.org/W1984085742","https://openalex.org/W2171678508","https://openalex.org/W2914647823","https://openalex.org/W196786331","https://openalex.org/W254412775","https://openalex.org/W2165821809","https://openalex.org/W55020573","https://openalex.org/W1984462589","https://openalex.org/W2045016651"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"a":[2,29,77],"modular":[3,56],"differentiable":[4],"renderer":[5],"design":[6,23],"that":[7,92,104],"yields":[8],"performance":[9,83],"superior":[10],"to":[11,63],"previous":[12],"methods":[13],"by":[14],"leveraging":[15],"existing,":[16],"highly":[17],"optimized":[18],"hardware":[19],"graphics":[20,31,61],"pipelines.":[21],"Our":[22,55,101],"supports":[24],"all":[25,51],"crucial":[26],"operations":[27],"in":[28,52],"modern":[30],"pipeline:":[32],"rasterizing":[33],"large":[34],"numbers":[35],"of":[36],"triangles,":[37],"attribute":[38],"interpolation,":[39],"filtered":[40],"texture":[41],"lookups,":[42],"as":[43,45,72,85],"well":[44],"user-programmable":[46],"shading":[47],"and":[48,90,107,117],"geometry":[49],"processing,":[50],"high":[53],"resolutions.":[54],"primitives":[57],"allow":[58],"custom,":[59],"high-performance":[60],"pipelines":[62],"be":[64,95],"built":[65],"directly":[66],"within":[67],"automatic":[68],"differentiation":[69],"frameworks":[70],"such":[71],"PyTorch":[73],"or":[74],"TensorFlow.":[75],"As":[76],"motivating":[78],"application,":[79],"we":[80],"formulate":[81],"facial":[82],"capture":[84],"an":[86],"inverse":[87],"rendering":[88],"problem":[89],"show":[91],"it":[93],"can":[94],"solved":[96],"efficiently":[97],"using":[98],"our":[99],"tools.":[100],"results":[102,116],"indicate":[103],"this":[105],"simple":[106],"straightforward":[108],"approach":[109],"achieves":[110],"excellent":[111],"geometric":[112],"correspondence":[113],"between":[114],"rendered":[115],"reference":[118],"imagery.":[119]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}