{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3081379232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3412449.3412548","title":"OFDM based visible light communication with probabilistic shaping","display_name":"OFDM based visible light communication with probabilistic shaping","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3081379232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3412449.3412548","mag":"3081379232"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3412449.3412548","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3412449.3412548","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Light Up the IoT","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055341210","display_name":"Tilahun Zerihun Gutema","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0119-1788"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tilahun Zerihun Gutema","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074320996","display_name":"Harald Haas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9705-2701"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harald Haas","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029906478","display_name":"Wasiu O. Popoola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2954-7902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wasiu O. Popoola","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadrature-amplitude-modulation","display_name":"Quadrature amplitude modulation","score":0.84050452709198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/additive-white-gaussian-noise","display_name":"Additive white Gaussian noise","score":0.8275485038757324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","score":0.6851385831832886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qam","display_name":"QAM","score":0.5968037843704224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-shift-keying","display_name":"Phase-shift keying","score":0.565081000328064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-light-communication","display_name":"Visible light communication","score":0.5593621730804443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5242514610290527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.486625999212265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.48642539978027344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47156020998954773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4342080056667328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.4234950542449951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.4224129617214203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3996015787124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.38091975450515747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.3082158863544464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17699477076530457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.17589417099952698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13302206993103027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.0874263346195221}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32409245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749753","display_name":"Quadrature amplitude modulation","level":4,"score":0.84050452709198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169334058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q353292","display_name":"Additive white Gaussian noise","level":3,"score":0.8275485038757324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40409654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375889","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.6851385831832886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59030546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7265371","display_name":"QAM","level":5,"score":0.5968037843704224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186378180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4874866","display_name":"Phase-shift keying","level":4,"score":0.565081000328064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160487672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426313","display_name":"Visible light communication","level":3,"score":0.5593621730804443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5242514610290527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.486625999212265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.48642539978027344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47156020998954773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4342080056667328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.4234950542449951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.4224129617214203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3996015787124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.38091975450515747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.3082158863544464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17699477076530457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.17589417099952698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13302206993103027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0874263346195221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3412449.3412548","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3412449.3412548","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Light Up the IoT","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2001806450","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020-MSCA-ITN","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3246315329","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020-MSCA-ITN-2018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3345895242","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020-MSCA","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G45715051","display_name":"European Training Network in Low-energy Visible Light IoT Systems","funder_award_id":"814215","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4617449541","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R007101/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4932298851","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MSCA-ITN-2018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4937468798","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7677903938","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"814215","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7735027310","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020-MSCA-ITN-2018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7984235579","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020-MSCA-ITN","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8005054536","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MSCA-ITN-2018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8503313810","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R007101/2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8512683158","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020-MSCA","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W627952176","https://openalex.org/W1556721971","https://openalex.org/W1749807555","https://openalex.org/W1984649364","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2081288532","https://openalex.org/W2109430601","https://openalex.org/W2115001548","https://openalex.org/W2138861012","https://openalex.org/W2183415080","https://openalex.org/W2294612870","https://openalex.org/W2296257523","https://openalex.org/W2311342444","https://openalex.org/W2333753381","https://openalex.org/W2428252953","https://openalex.org/W2597932824","https://openalex.org/W2913859666","https://openalex.org/W3098316959","https://openalex.org/W3104721349"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2793111109","https://openalex.org/W2545896082","https://openalex.org/W2280945936","https://openalex.org/W4390873927","https://openalex.org/W2893995248","https://openalex.org/W2162726981","https://openalex.org/W2115358448","https://openalex.org/W2122253935","https://openalex.org/W4247508912","https://openalex.org/W2979776991"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"visible":[1],"light":[2],"communication":[3],"(VLC)":[4],"system":[5,50,65],"using":[6],"probabilistically":[7,21,47,62],"shaped":[8,22,48,63],"orthogonal":[9],"frequency":[10],"multiplexed":[11],"(OFDM)":[12],"modulation":[13,24,29,34],"is":[14,25,59],"presented.":[15],"The":[16,61],"average":[17],"symbol":[18,42,72,96,103],"energy":[19],"of":[20,31,45,81,106],"OFDM":[23,49,64],"investigated":[26],"for":[27],"different":[28,37],"orders":[30],"quadrature":[32],"amplitude":[33],"(QAM)":[35],"under":[36,51],"entropy":[38,80,117],"scenarios.":[39],"Furthermore,":[40],"the":[41,46,67,71,116],"error":[43,73,104],"performance":[44],"additive":[52],"white":[53],"Gaussian":[54],"noise":[55],"(AWGN)":[56],"channel":[57],"condition":[58],"evaluated.":[60],"outperforms":[66],"uniformly":[68],"distributed":[69],"in":[70,91],"ratio":[74,93,105],"performance.":[75],"For":[76],"256-QAM":[77,100],"with":[78],"an":[79],"7.84":[82],"bits,":[83],"we":[84],"have":[85],"shown":[86],"a":[87,102],"3":[88],"dB":[89,113],"gain":[90,109],"signal-to-noise":[92],"(SNR)":[94],"per":[95],"compared":[97],"to":[98,111,118],"uniform":[99],"at":[101],"10-3.":[107],"This":[108],"increases":[110],"5.5":[112],"by":[114],"decreasing":[115],"6.80":[119],"bits.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
