{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3160372099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3412382.3458276","title":"Watching the Grid","display_name":"Watching the Grid","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3160372099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3412382.3458276","mag":"3160372099"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3412382.3458276","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3412382.3458276","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3412382.3458276","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (co-located with CPS-IoT Week 2021)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3412382.3458276","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056317769","display_name":"Noah Klugman","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Noah Klugman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley and nLine, Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley and nLine, Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088261711","display_name":"Joshua Adkins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6448-1227"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua Adkins","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley and nLine, Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley and nLine, Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042050516","display_name":"Emily Paszkiewicz","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emily Paszkiewicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley and nLine, Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley and nLine, Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033496841","display_name":"Molly Hickman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5144-0080"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Molly G. Hickman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech and nLine, Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech and nLine, Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045694428","display_name":"Matthew Podolsky","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Podolsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078031046","display_name":"Jay Taneja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7590-2509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jay Taneja","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts, Amherst"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts, Amherst","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035987149","display_name":"Prabal Dutta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4106-9138"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prabal Dutta","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley and nLine, Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley and nLine, Inc","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056317769"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6401,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70280443,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"341","last_page":"356"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5876320600509644}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5876320600509644}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3412382.3458276","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3412382.3458276","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3412382.3458276","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (co-located with CPS-IoT Week 2021)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3412382.3458276","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3412382.3458276","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3412382.3458276","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (co-located with CPS-IoT Week 2021)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1006881031","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CONIX","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306087","funder_display_name":"Semiconductor Research Corporation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4802783856","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AID-OAA-A-13-00002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306115","funder_display_name":"United States Agency for International Development"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7289741761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13-00002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306115","funder_display_name":"United States Agency for International Development"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306087","display_name":"Semiconductor Research Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/047z4n946"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306115","display_name":"United States Agency for International Development","ror":"https://ror.org/01n6e6j62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308291","display_name":"Millennium Challenge Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/0539hqx70"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321637","display_name":"Department for International Development","ror":"https://ror.org/05rf29967"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3160372099.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3160372099.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W252134455","https://openalex.org/W295756198","https://openalex.org/W1971022913","https://openalex.org/W1971965756","https://openalex.org/W1992622634","https://openalex.org/W1997729648","https://openalex.org/W1999881210","https://openalex.org/W2013000896","https://openalex.org/W2018964396","https://openalex.org/W2022443213","https://openalex.org/W2030374597","https://openalex.org/W2051836714","https://openalex.org/W2060556821","https://openalex.org/W2070774011","https://openalex.org/W2081541668","https://openalex.org/W2083252561","https://openalex.org/W2092977235","https://openalex.org/W2107919781","https://openalex.org/W2121895216","https://openalex.org/W2127928514","https://openalex.org/W2127949150","https://openalex.org/W2140156026","https://openalex.org/W2151892253","https://openalex.org/W2153159317","https://openalex.org/W2157160574","https://openalex.org/W2159983655","https://openalex.org/W2193945131","https://openalex.org/W2290779372","https://openalex.org/W2309407651","https://openalex.org/W2346703641","https://openalex.org/W2542459869","https://openalex.org/W2553951620","https://openalex.org/W2605165679","https://openalex.org/W2609968973","https://openalex.org/W2613471522","https://openalex.org/W2741600032","https://openalex.org/W2745358670","https://openalex.org/W2767648637","https://openalex.org/W2795835914","https://openalex.org/W2807384132","https://openalex.org/W2892700689","https://openalex.org/W2921880624","https://openalex.org/W2964085590","https://openalex.org/W4231899132","https://openalex.org/W4243820137","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2478288626","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880","https://openalex.org/W1596801655"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"much":[1],"of":[2,72,121,139],"the":[3,11,17,62,81,100,109,112,116,126,135,159],"world,":[4],"electricity":[5,106],"grids":[6],"are":[7,129],"not":[8],"instrumented":[9],"at":[10,108],"customer":[12,53],"level,":[13],"limiting":[14],"insights":[15],"into":[16],"power":[18],"quality":[19],"experienced":[20],"by":[21,84],"utility":[22,63,160],"customers.":[23],"Moreover,":[24],"to":[25,36,50],"understand":[26],"grid":[27,57,149,167],"performance,":[28],"regulators":[29],"and":[30,55,90,119,137],"investors":[31],"must":[32],"depend":[33],"on":[34,61,105,148],"utilities":[35],"self-report":[37],"reliability":[38,107],"data.":[39],"To":[40],"address":[41],"these":[42],"challenges,":[43],"we":[44,133,146],"introduce":[45],"PowerWatch,":[46,122],"an":[47],"agile":[48],"methodology":[49,83,141],"directly":[51],"measure":[52],"experience":[54],"aggregated":[56],"performance":[58,120,150,168],"without":[59,142],"relying":[60],"for":[64,95,165],"deployment":[65],"or":[66],"management.":[67],"PowerWatch":[68,82],"employs":[69],"a":[70,97,163],"system":[71],"distributed":[73],"sensors":[74,87],"coupled":[75],"with":[76],"cloud-based":[77],"analytics.":[78],"We":[79,114],"evaluate":[80],"deploying":[85],"462":[86],"in":[88,92,111],"homes":[89],"businesses":[91],"Accra,":[93],"Ghana":[94],"over":[96],"year,":[98],"yielding":[99],"largest":[101],"open-source":[102],"data":[103,127],"set":[104],"customer-level":[110],"region.":[113],"describe":[115],"architecture,":[117],"design,":[118],"as":[123,125,155,158],"well":[124],"that":[128],"collected,":[130],"explaining":[131],"how":[132],"determine":[134],"accuracy":[136],"coverage":[138],"our":[140],"ground":[143],"truth.":[144],"Finally,":[145],"report":[147],"issues,":[151],"finding":[152],"nearly":[153],"twice":[154],"many":[156],"outages":[157],"observed,":[161],"suggesting":[162],"need":[164],"better":[166],"monitoring.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2021-05-24T00:00:00"}