{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3161118062","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445773","title":"Understanding the Design Space of Embodied Passwords based on Muscle Memory","display_name":"Understanding the Design Space of Embodied Passwords based on Muscle Memory","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3161118062","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445773","mag":"3161118062"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3411764.3445773","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445773","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3411764.3445773","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3411764.3445773","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074574082","display_name":"Rosa van Koningsbruggen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1652-2888"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51441396","display_name":"Bauhaus-Universit\u00e4t Weimar","ror":"https://ror.org/033bb5z47","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51441396"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rosa van Koningsbruggen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human-Computer Interaction Bauhaus-Universit\u00e4t Weimar, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human-Computer Interaction Bauhaus-Universit\u00e4t Weimar, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51441396"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078568091","display_name":"Bart Hengeveld","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3270-4110"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bart Hengeveld","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial Design Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Design Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033721445","display_name":"Jason Alexander","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6093-6116"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51601045","display_name":"University of Bath","ror":"https://ror.org/002h8g185","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51601045"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Alexander","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science University of Bath, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science University of Bath, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51601045"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0227,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75158996,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10803","display_name":"Innovative Human-Technology Interaction","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.9041433334350586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affordance","display_name":"Affordance","score":0.8504819869995117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embodied-cognition","display_name":"Embodied cognition","score":0.7934967279434204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6568270325660706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6388808488845825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.6241398453712463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.5027856826782227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.4432854950428009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alphanumeric","display_name":"Alphanumeric","score":0.4223731756210327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.3944738507270813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.28744229674339294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2626307010650635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10736221075057983}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.9041433334350586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194995250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q531136","display_name":"Affordance","level":2,"score":0.8504819869995117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100609095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335050","display_name":"Embodied cognition","level":2,"score":0.7934967279434204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6568270325660706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6388808488845825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.6241398453712463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.5027856826782227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.4432854950428009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781003394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737372","display_name":"Alphanumeric","level":2,"score":0.4223731756210327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3944738507270813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.28744229674339294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2626307010650635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10736221075057983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3411764.3445773","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445773","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3411764.3445773","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:purehost.bath.ac.uk:openaire/d88b1c0d-cde9-4f34-a010-bd8f8c233edb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/publications/d88b1c0d-cde9-4f34-a010-bd8f8c233edb","pdf_url":"https://purehost.bath.ac.uk/ws/files/221090350/CHI21_EmbodiedPasswords.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196294","display_name":"Pure (University of Bath)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I51601045","host_organization_name":"University of Bath","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51601045"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Van Koningsbruggen, R, Hengeveld, B & Alexander, J 2021, Understanding the Design Space of Embodied Passwords based on Muscle Memory. in CHI 2021 - Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems : Making Waves, Combining Strengths. vol. May 2021, 259, Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445773","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"},{"id":"pmh:oai:purehost.bath.ac.uk:publications/d88b1c0d-cde9-4f34-a010-bd8f8c233edb","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3411764.3445773","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196294","display_name":"Pure (University of Bath)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I51601045","host_organization_name":"University of Bath","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51601045"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3411764.3445773","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445773","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3411764.3445773","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3161118062.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3161118062.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W801501496","https://openalex.org/W1485033854","https://openalex.org/W1500287723","https://openalex.org/W1509652479","https://openalex.org/W1582830784","https://openalex.org/W1846059458","https://openalex.org/W1926036632","https://openalex.org/W1933657216","https://openalex.org/W1979290264","https://openalex.org/W1982270377","https://openalex.org/W2000569250","https://openalex.org/W2015781755","https://openalex.org/W2016453004","https://openalex.org/W2018139345","https://openalex.org/W2037202491","https://openalex.org/W2038068634","https://openalex.org/W2039956044","https://openalex.org/W2042542289","https://openalex.org/W2050896993","https://openalex.org/W2055803651","https://openalex.org/W2073980742","https://openalex.org/W2076012011","https://openalex.org/W2082727067","https://openalex.org/W2088337190","https://openalex.org/W2092834165","https://openalex.org/W2094329345","https://openalex.org/W2106457270","https://openalex.org/W2110378855","https://openalex.org/W2112060097","https://openalex.org/W2113266120","https://openalex.org/W2115218409","https://openalex.org/W2133443878","https://openalex.org/W2148905283","https://openalex.org/W2150341374","https://openalex.org/W2154691736","https://openalex.org/W2190679960","https://openalex.org/W2294857847","https://openalex.org/W2295441888","https://openalex.org/W2342386105","https://openalex.org/W2586571496","https://openalex.org/W2731419753","https://openalex.org/W2795653227","https://openalex.org/W2897949469","https://openalex.org/W2907663980","https://openalex.org/W3022218431","https://openalex.org/W3038708344","https://openalex.org/W4230170229","https://openalex.org/W4250846358","https://openalex.org/W4253473326","https://openalex.org/W4256219620","https://openalex.org/W4292994367"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2049379968","https://openalex.org/W2461009308","https://openalex.org/W2048515600","https://openalex.org/W1972718289","https://openalex.org/W2165646781","https://openalex.org/W2108525321","https://openalex.org/W2082954328","https://openalex.org/W2596869006","https://openalex.org/W2896976260","https://openalex.org/W1429263365"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Passwords":[0],"have":[1],"become":[2],"a":[3,32,52,64,79,117,137],"ubiquitous":[4],"part":[5],"of":[6,51,67,82],"our":[7],"everyday":[8],"lives,":[9],"needed":[10],"for":[11,134],"every":[12],"web-service":[13],"and":[14,23,27,47,49,88,111,123,125],"system.":[15],"However,":[16],"it":[17],"is":[18,73,95,116],"challenging":[19],"to":[20,28,90],"create":[21],"safe":[22],"diverse":[24],"alphanumeric":[25],"passwords,":[26],"recall":[29],"them,":[30],"imposing":[31],"cognitive":[33],"burden":[34],"on":[35],"the":[36,43,86,93,98,105,109,112,120,127],"user.":[37],"Through":[38],"consecutive":[39],"experiments,":[40],"we":[41,60],"explored":[42],"movement":[44,65],"space,":[45],"affordances":[46,87],"interaction,":[48],"memorability":[50],"tangible,":[53],"handheld,":[54],"embodied":[55,129],"password.":[56],"In":[57],"this":[58],"context,":[59,113],"found":[61],"that:":[62],"(1)":[63],"space":[66],"200":[68,71],"mm":[69,72],"\u00d7":[70],"preferred;":[74],"(2)":[75],"each":[76],"context":[77],"has":[78],"perceived":[80,121],"level":[81],"safety,":[83],"which\u2014together":[84],"with":[85,108,139],"link":[89],"familiarity\u2014influences":[91],"how":[92],"password":[94],"performed.":[96],"Furthermore,":[97],"artefact\u2019s":[99],"dimensions":[100],"should":[101],"be":[102,132],"balanced":[103],"within":[104],"design":[106],"itself,":[107],"user,":[110],"but":[114],"there":[115],"trade-off":[118],"between":[119],"safety":[122],"ergonomics;":[124],"(3)":[126],"designed":[128],"passwords":[130,143],"can":[131],"recalled":[133],"at":[135],"least":[136],"week,":[138],"participants":[140],"creating":[141],"unique":[142],"which":[144],"were":[145],"reproduced":[146],"consistently.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
