{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3161983576","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445441","title":"User Authentication via Electrical Muscle Stimulation","display_name":"User Authentication via Electrical Muscle Stimulation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3161983576","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445441","mag":"3161983576"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3411764.3445441","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445441","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100416074","display_name":"Yuxin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6265-5529"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chicago, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044586758","display_name":"Zhuolin Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6017-8818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuolin Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chicago, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087124790","display_name":"R Abbou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5292-6935"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruben Abbou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chicago, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052549454","display_name":"Pedro Lopes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6527-7084"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Lopes","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chicago, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108248360","display_name":"Ben Y. Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8909-0494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ben Y. Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chicago, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022672030","display_name":"Hai-Tao Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5128-5649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haitao Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chicago, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6111145615577698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stimulation","display_name":"Stimulation","score":0.5122496485710144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-muscle-stimulation","display_name":"Electrical muscle stimulation","score":0.49537193775177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.4653303027153015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.23072469234466553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.21465346217155457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.0862727165222168}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6111145615577698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24998067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4114622","display_name":"Stimulation","level":2,"score":0.5122496485710144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776889139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653580","display_name":"Electrical muscle stimulation","level":3,"score":0.49537193775177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.4653303027153015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.23072469234466553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.21465346217155457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0862727165222168}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3411764.3445441","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445441","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5542833830","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-194965","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W139317720","https://openalex.org/W1603495404","https://openalex.org/W1970701335","https://openalex.org/W1971565662","https://openalex.org/W1974329625","https://openalex.org/W1974761534","https://openalex.org/W1982259948","https://openalex.org/W1998578462","https://openalex.org/W2001716033","https://openalex.org/W2007554699","https://openalex.org/W2018893486","https://openalex.org/W2022376209","https://openalex.org/W2023269348","https://openalex.org/W2041493490","https://openalex.org/W2054890448","https://openalex.org/W2072182974","https://openalex.org/W2081736863","https://openalex.org/W2093540104","https://openalex.org/W2099800354","https://openalex.org/W2112941570","https://openalex.org/W2115627867","https://openalex.org/W2121228765","https://openalex.org/W2129244720","https://openalex.org/W2131662572","https://openalex.org/W2132849056","https://openalex.org/W2144232362","https://openalex.org/W2147352907","https://openalex.org/W2155459695","https://openalex.org/W2165440797","https://openalex.org/W2169755015","https://openalex.org/W2171759622","https://openalex.org/W2176615452","https://openalex.org/W2177404794","https://openalex.org/W2217371521","https://openalex.org/W2270470215","https://openalex.org/W2294539961","https://openalex.org/W2466332079","https://openalex.org/W2467604901","https://openalex.org/W2534783843","https://openalex.org/W2535066354","https://openalex.org/W2535970271","https://openalex.org/W2610214313","https://openalex.org/W2611884502","https://openalex.org/W2611914534","https://openalex.org/W2745896134","https://openalex.org/W2756062904","https://openalex.org/W2789713441","https://openalex.org/W2794782869","https://openalex.org/W2795986681","https://openalex.org/W2795999080","https://openalex.org/W2808446212","https://openalex.org/W2852424125","https://openalex.org/W2868320798","https://openalex.org/W2883202418","https://openalex.org/W2884068903","https://openalex.org/W2913362834","https://openalex.org/W2941915966","https://openalex.org/W2962730651","https://openalex.org/W2963488642","https://openalex.org/W2963859396","https://openalex.org/W2983060509","https://openalex.org/W3012179246","https://openalex.org/W3014865320","https://openalex.org/W3039775522","https://openalex.org/W4234150489","https://openalex.org/W4254569426","https://openalex.org/W7131907535"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1985187680","https://openalex.org/W2128395442","https://openalex.org/W2047842389","https://openalex.org/W2047515513","https://openalex.org/W2796167776","https://openalex.org/W2660419367","https://openalex.org/W1981838627","https://openalex.org/W2172025803"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"propose":[1],"a":[2,32],"novel":[3],"modality":[4],"for":[5],"active":[6],"biometric":[7],"authentication:":[8],"electrical":[9,35,60],"muscle":[10],"stimulation":[11,61],"(EMS).":[12],"To":[13],"explore":[14],"this,":[15],"we":[16,22],"engineered":[17],"an":[18],"interactive":[19],"system,":[20],"which":[21],"call":[23],"ElectricAuth,":[24],"that":[25],"stimulates":[26],"the":[27,42,50,58],"user\u2019s":[28,43],"forearm":[29],"muscles":[30],"with":[31],"sequence":[33],"of":[34],"impulses":[36],"(i.e.,":[37,47],"EMS":[38],"challenge)":[39],"and":[40,78,83],"measures":[41],"involuntary":[44],"finger":[45],"movements":[46,65],"response":[48],"to":[49,91],"challenge).":[51],"ElectricAuth":[52,88],"leverages":[53],"EMS\u2019s":[54],"intersubject":[55],"variability,":[56],"where":[57],"same":[59],"results":[62],"in":[63,66,76],"different":[64,67],"users":[68,90],"because":[69],"everybody\u2019s":[70],"physiology":[71],"is":[72],"unique":[73],"(e.g.,":[74],"differences":[75],"bone":[77],"muscular":[79],"structure,":[80],"skin":[81],"resistance":[82],"composition,":[84],"etc.).":[85],"As":[86],"such,":[87],"allows":[89],"login":[92],"without":[93],"memorizing":[94],"passwords":[95],"or":[96],"PINs.":[97]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}