{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3160840863","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445378","title":"\u201cDisadvantaged in the American-dominated Internet\u201d: Sex, Work, and Technology","display_name":"\u201cDisadvantaged in the American-dominated Internet\u201d: Sex, Work, and Technology","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3160840863","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445378","mag":"3160840863"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3411764.3445378","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445378","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3411764.3445378","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3411764.3445378","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087382862","display_name":"Catherine Barwulor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6282-3465"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Catherine Barwulor","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Clemson University, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Clemson University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045574489","display_name":"Allison McDonald","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7477-6782"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111179","display_name":"Michigan United","ror":"https://ror.org/0291ys696","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111179"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Allison McDonald","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science & Engineering University of Michigan, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science & Engineering University of Michigan, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315","https://openalex.org/I4210111179"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041732716","display_name":"Eszter Hargittai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4199-4868"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eszter Hargittai","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074435310","display_name":"Elissa M. Redmiles","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3930-8128"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elissa M. Redmiles","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.5616,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":62,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99093883,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11350","display_name":"Sex work and related issues","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11350","display_name":"Sex work and related issues","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12335","display_name":"Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12501","display_name":"Digital Economy and Work Transformation","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/globe","display_name":"Globe","score":0.7431115508079529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disadvantaged","display_name":"Disadvantaged","score":0.6964730024337769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workforce","display_name":"Workforce","score":0.6759812235832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.5719538331031799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.5088360905647278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-workers","display_name":"Sex workers","score":0.504833996295929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.4999058246612549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-work","display_name":"Sex work","score":0.49269750714302063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-relations","display_name":"Public relations","score":0.4662906527519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.44743672013282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.43817564845085144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.3716268837451935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.3685133457183838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3646113872528076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.3636128902435303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"Economic growth","score":0.33911722898483276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23253300786018372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.22018113732337952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.1683204174041748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.16553249955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-science","display_name":"Social science","score":0.14623695611953735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.10028499364852905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demography","display_name":"Demography","score":0.1002512276172638}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775899829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109007","display_name":"Globe","level":2,"score":0.7431115508079529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780623907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106394435","display_name":"Disadvantaged","level":2,"score":0.6964730024337769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778139618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13440398","display_name":"Workforce","level":2,"score":0.6759812235832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5719538331031799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5088360905647278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994142485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852857","display_name":"Sex workers","level":4,"score":0.504833996295929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4999058246612549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780100914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1297897","display_name":"Sex work","level":3,"score":0.49269750714302063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.4662906527519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.44743672013282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.43817564845085144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3716268837451935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3685133457183838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3646113872528076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.3636128902435303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.33911722898483276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23253300786018372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.22018113732337952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1683204174041748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.16553249955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.14623695611953735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.10028499364852905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.1002512276172638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986817661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185698","display_name":"Research methodology","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3411764.3445378","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445378","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3411764.3445378","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.zora.uzh.ch:202908","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401281","display_name":"Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","host_organization_name":"University of Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Barwulor, Catherine; McDonald, Allison; Hargittai, Eszter; Redmiles, Elissa M  (2021). \u201cDisadvantaged in the American-dominated internet\u201d: sex, work, and technology.  In: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2021, Yokohama, Japan, 8 May 2021 - 13 May 2021. ACM, Article No.: 563.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"doi:10.5167/uzh-202908","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-202908","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051291","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Z\u00fcrich, ZORA","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"ConferencePaper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3411764.3445378","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445378","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3411764.3445378","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.5}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1419034581","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DGE 1322106","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6123502051","display_name":"Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP)","funder_award_id":"1322106","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318428","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Software Systems","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323874","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Z\u00fcrich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3160840863.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3160840863.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W377384883","https://openalex.org/W1852701766","https://openalex.org/W1876406559","https://openalex.org/W1961977549","https://openalex.org/W1991286899","https://openalex.org/W1993257989","https://openalex.org/W1997772859","https://openalex.org/W2009836421","https://openalex.org/W2016537189","https://openalex.org/W2019733648","https://openalex.org/W2049643238","https://openalex.org/W2057602069","https://openalex.org/W2067714076","https://openalex.org/W2087411274","https://openalex.org/W2097229490","https://openalex.org/W2097435151","https://openalex.org/W2103933416","https://openalex.org/W2122305905","https://openalex.org/W2144661669","https://openalex.org/W2146786371","https://openalex.org/W2156456431","https://openalex.org/W2172168711","https://openalex.org/W2291344435","https://openalex.org/W2405742202","https://openalex.org/W2560024140","https://openalex.org/W2611019067","https://openalex.org/W2611419437","https://openalex.org/W2611520706","https://openalex.org/W2620449362","https://openalex.org/W2746772577","https://openalex.org/W2753776190","https://openalex.org/W2775336929","https://openalex.org/W2792888493","https://openalex.org/W2795566406","https://openalex.org/W2795614280","https://openalex.org/W2796063124","https://openalex.org/W2798857692","https://openalex.org/W2885442444","https://openalex.org/W2898221228","https://openalex.org/W2898852014","https://openalex.org/W2898858661","https://openalex.org/W2899493986","https://openalex.org/W2905395727","https://openalex.org/W2935719450","https://openalex.org/W2936967110","https://openalex.org/W2941174109","https://openalex.org/W2991138171","https://openalex.org/W2994507840","https://openalex.org/W2999490220","https://openalex.org/W3003610613","https://openalex.org/W3017863658","https://openalex.org/W3019403189","https://openalex.org/W3029797383","https://openalex.org/W3040913125","https://openalex.org/W3045899423","https://openalex.org/W3082121050","https://openalex.org/W3091166794","https://openalex.org/W3108126053","https://openalex.org/W3121257585","https://openalex.org/W4225263798"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390710077","https://openalex.org/W2518903270","https://openalex.org/W1509882937","https://openalex.org/W2122395852","https://openalex.org/W2605097442","https://openalex.org/W3203168222","https://openalex.org/W2098273943","https://openalex.org/W2199700590","https://openalex.org/W2523152470","https://openalex.org/W2041877106"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"How":[0],"do":[1],"people":[2],"in":[3,65],"a":[4,32],"precarious":[5],"profession":[6],"leverage":[7],"technology":[8,59],"to":[9],"grow":[10],"their":[11,15],"business":[12,48,63],"and":[13,29,73],"improve":[14],"quality":[16],"of":[17,25,68],"life?":[18],"Sex":[19],"workers":[20,45],"sit":[21],"at":[22,40],"the":[23,35,50,66],"intersection":[24],"multiple":[26],"marginalized":[27],"identities":[28],"make":[30],"up":[31],"sizeable":[33],"workforce:":[34],"United":[36],"Nations":[37],"estimates":[38],"that":[39],"least":[41],"42":[42],"million":[43],"sex":[44,61],"are":[46],"conducting":[47],"across":[49],"globe.":[51],"Yet,":[52],"little":[53],"research":[54],"has":[55],"examined":[56],"how":[57],"well":[58],"fulfills":[60],"workers\u2019":[62],"needs":[64],"face":[67],"unique":[69],"social,":[70],"political,":[71],"legal,":[72],"safety":[74],"constraints.":[75]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}