{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3163128657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445101","title":"Exploring and Promoting Diagnostic Transparency and Explainability in Online Symptom Checkers","display_name":"Exploring and Promoting Diagnostic Transparency and Explainability in Online Symptom Checkers","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3163128657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445101","mag":"3163128657"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3411764.3445101","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445101","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103171762","display_name":"Chun-Hua Tsai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9188-0362"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chun-Hua Tsai","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Sciences and Technology Pennsylvania State University, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Sciences and Technology Pennsylvania State University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101875187","display_name":"Yue You","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4516-9542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue You","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Sciences and Technology Pennsylvania State University, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Sciences and Technology Pennsylvania State University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085623655","display_name":"Xinning Gui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9436-7940"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinning Gui","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Sciences and Technology Pennsylvania State University, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Sciences and Technology Pennsylvania State University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036145139","display_name":"Yubo Kou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4255-3725"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yubo Kou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Sciences and Technology Pennsylvania State University, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Sciences and Technology Pennsylvania State University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054610664","display_name":"John M. Carroll","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5189-337X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John M. Carroll","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Sciences and Technology Pennsylvania State University, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Sciences and Technology Pennsylvania State University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103171762"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5233,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93131313,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11519","display_name":"Digital Mental Health Interventions","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.8940998315811157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conversation","display_name":"Conversation","score":0.7827624082565308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/triage","display_name":"Triage","score":0.7387207746505737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.6297546029090881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5991136431694031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unintended-consequences","display_name":"Unintended consequences","score":0.543561577796936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/healthcare-system","display_name":"Healthcare system","score":0.44071513414382935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4026235342025757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.35515305399894714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.32214605808258057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3091772794723511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.20934733748435974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.18540239334106445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-emergency","display_name":"Medical emergency","score":0.10057201981544495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.08545324206352234}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.8940998315811157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.7827624082565308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777120189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q780067","display_name":"Triage","level":2,"score":0.7387207746505737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.6297546029090881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5991136431694031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776889888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1135789","display_name":"Unintended consequences","level":2,"score":0.543561577796936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988170871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11000047","display_name":"Healthcare system","level":3,"score":0.44071513414382935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4026235342025757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.35515305399894714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.32214605808258057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3091772794723511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.20934733748435974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.18540239334106445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.10057201981544495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.08545324206352234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3411764.3445101","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445101","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6299999952316284}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1579090648","https://openalex.org/W1750205245","https://openalex.org/W1838071484","https://openalex.org/W1963959269","https://openalex.org/W1979290264","https://openalex.org/W1991223915","https://openalex.org/W2008425555","https://openalex.org/W2019462239","https://openalex.org/W2042203976","https://openalex.org/W2048567639","https://openalex.org/W2058911863","https://openalex.org/W2100171245","https://openalex.org/W2109636054","https://openalex.org/W2121965518","https://openalex.org/W2125330369","https://openalex.org/W2134584261","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2158934860","https://openalex.org/W2162111811","https://openalex.org/W2167893057","https://openalex.org/W2167984346","https://openalex.org/W2223495811","https://openalex.org/W2223821166","https://openalex.org/W2405187948","https://openalex.org/W2487652696","https://openalex.org/W2588638859","https://openalex.org/W2605467137","https://openalex.org/W2616352600","https://openalex.org/W2730520256","https://openalex.org/W2747911319","https://openalex.org/W2778796877","https://openalex.org/W2792220144","https://openalex.org/W2792418094","https://openalex.org/W2793354676","https://openalex.org/W2795916109","https://openalex.org/W2796133875","https://openalex.org/W2862332728","https://openalex.org/W2884680014","https://openalex.org/W2886570502","https://openalex.org/W2899560923","https://openalex.org/W2905132164","https://openalex.org/W2908054697","https://openalex.org/W2913756371","https://openalex.org/W2915495256","https://openalex.org/W2915786288","https://openalex.org/W2916072792","https://openalex.org/W2916705265","https://openalex.org/W2917259853","https://openalex.org/W2918492198","https://openalex.org/W2921763762","https://openalex.org/W2923389169","https://openalex.org/W2929191725","https://openalex.org/W2937791631","https://openalex.org/W2942444880","https://openalex.org/W2963095307","https://openalex.org/W2963395533","https://openalex.org/W2965593496","https://openalex.org/W2967719439","https://openalex.org/W2972735525","https://openalex.org/W2990540492","https://openalex.org/W2998293911","https://openalex.org/W2999765337","https://openalex.org/W3001921512","https://openalex.org/W3012855156","https://openalex.org/W3014520892","https://openalex.org/W3032079726","https://openalex.org/W3041006163","https://openalex.org/W3043083589","https://openalex.org/W3093388512","https://openalex.org/W3104847483","https://openalex.org/W3122506136","https://openalex.org/W3158890082","https://openalex.org/W4234121244","https://openalex.org/W4288080268","https://openalex.org/W4403451191"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968552888","https://openalex.org/W1975091423","https://openalex.org/W2033023095","https://openalex.org/W2144451503","https://openalex.org/W125325933","https://openalex.org/W1527532029","https://openalex.org/W2374116601","https://openalex.org/W3093134843","https://openalex.org/W2378167147","https://openalex.org/W3210777354"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Online":[0],"symptom":[1],"checkers":[2],"(OSC)":[3],"are":[4,130],"widely":[5],"used":[6],"intelligent":[7,41],"systems":[8],"in":[9,58,123],"health":[10],"contexts":[11],"such":[12,24,53,61],"as":[13,25,54,62],"primary":[14],"care,":[15],"remote":[16],"healthcare,":[17],"and":[18,31,46,135],"epidemic":[19],"control.":[20],"OSCs":[21,75],"use":[22],"algorithms":[23],"machine":[26],"learning":[27],"to":[28,50,69,85],"facilitate":[29],"self-diagnosis":[30],"triage":[32],"based":[33],"on":[34],"symptoms":[35],"input":[36],"by":[37,73],"healthcare":[38],"consumers.":[39],"However,":[40],"systems\u2019":[42],"lack":[43],"of":[44,93,108],"transparency":[45,72],"comprehensibility":[47],"could":[48],"lead":[49],"unintended":[51],"consequences":[52],"misleading":[55],"users,":[56],"especially":[57],"high-stakes":[59],"areas":[60],"healthcare.":[63],"In":[64],"this":[65],"paper,":[66],"we":[67,97],"attempt":[68],"enhance":[70],"diagnostic":[71],"augmenting":[74],"with":[76,105],"explanations.":[77,109],"We":[78,126],"first":[79],"conducted":[80],"an":[81],"interview":[82],"study":[83,113],"(N=25)":[84],"specify":[86],"user":[87,112,121],"needs":[88],"for":[89,138],"explanations":[90,117,129],"from":[91],"users":[92],"existing":[94],"OSCs.":[95],"Then,":[96],"designed":[98],"a":[99],"COVID-19":[100],"OSC":[101,140],"that":[102,116],"was":[103],"enhanced":[104],"three":[106],"types":[107],"Our":[110],"lab-controlled":[111],"(N=20)":[114],"found":[115],"can":[118],"significantly":[119],"improve":[120],"experience":[122],"multiple":[124],"aspects.":[125],"discuss":[127],"how":[128],"interwoven":[131],"into":[132],"conversation":[133],"flow":[134],"present":[136],"implications":[137],"future":[139],"designs.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
