{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3130319171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411763.3451760","title":"Prompt Programming for Large Language Models: Beyond the Few-Shot Paradigm","display_name":"Prompt Programming for Large Language Models: Beyond the Few-Shot Paradigm","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3130319171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411763.3451760","mag":"3130319171"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3411763.3451760","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411763.3451760","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Extended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.07350","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023660419","display_name":"Laria Reynolds","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111179","display_name":"Michigan United","ror":"https://ror.org/0291ys696","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111179"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Laria Reynolds","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, United States","University of Michigan United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315","https://openalex.org/I4210111179"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315","https://openalex.org/I4210111179"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016796548","display_name":"Kyle McDonell","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105225","display_name":"Neural Stem Cell Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00x6sm138","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyle McDonell","raw_affiliation_strings":["KNC Neural Calculus, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KNC Neural Calculus, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023660419"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315","https://openalex.org/I4210111179"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.4594,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96381327,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7765814065933228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.6284319162368774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shot","display_name":"Shot (pellet)","score":0.5429579615592957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5354912877082825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.5145432353019714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5134668946266174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narrative","display_name":"Narrative","score":0.4586304724216461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-understanding","display_name":"Natural language understanding","score":0.44937896728515625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.43938225507736206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","score":0.4237907826900482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-understanding","display_name":"Language understanding","score":0.4102734923362732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.385021448135376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.37867626547813416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.16103684902191162}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7765814065933228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.6284319162368774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778344882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278938","display_name":"Shot (pellet)","level":2,"score":0.5429579615592957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5354912877082825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.5145432353019714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5134668946266174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.4586304724216461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.44937896728515625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.43938225507736206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4237907826900482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983448237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Language understanding","level":2,"score":0.4102734923362732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.385021448135376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.37867626547813416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.16103684902191162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3411763.3451760","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411763.3451760","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Extended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2102.07350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2102.07350","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.07350","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2102.07350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2102.07350","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"mag:3130319171","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2102.07350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2102.07350","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.07350","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3130319171.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3130319171.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2257408573","https://openalex.org/W2784121710","https://openalex.org/W2914190582","https://openalex.org/W2954579883","https://openalex.org/W2963026768","https://openalex.org/W2963287297","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963532001","https://openalex.org/W2973049837","https://openalex.org/W2996287690","https://openalex.org/W3015372447","https://openalex.org/W3030163527","https://openalex.org/W3035101045","https://openalex.org/W3085190015","https://openalex.org/W3098267758","https://openalex.org/W3119438769","https://openalex.org/W3126960149"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3160638507","https://openalex.org/W3030163527","https://openalex.org/W3199400376","https://openalex.org/W1493353544","https://openalex.org/W1603015195","https://openalex.org/W2401983615","https://openalex.org/W2766569996","https://openalex.org/W2578244897","https://openalex.org/W2406544382","https://openalex.org/W3125451872","https://openalex.org/W2915030914","https://openalex.org/W3036157951","https://openalex.org/W2287754843","https://openalex.org/W2530232293","https://openalex.org/W1525961042","https://openalex.org/W3034352268","https://openalex.org/W1481472304","https://openalex.org/W2967191030","https://openalex.org/W3100711616","https://openalex.org/W2922302670"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Prevailing":[0],"methods":[1,75,161],"for":[2,94,109,149],"mapping":[3],"large":[4],"generative":[5],"language":[6,71,147,165],"models":[7,166],"to":[8,13,103,142],"supervised":[9],"tasks":[10],"may":[11],"fail":[12],"sufficiently":[14],"probe":[15],"models\u2019":[16],"novel":[17],"capabilities.":[18],"Using":[19],"GPT-3":[20],"as":[21,49],"a":[22,113,119,136,150],"case":[23],"study,":[24],"we":[25,130,155],"show":[26],"that":[27,37,138],"0-shot":[28],"prompts":[29,65,84,148],"can":[30,167],"significantly":[31],"outperform":[32],"few-shot":[33,41],"prompts.":[34],"We":[35,73,91],"suggest":[36],"the":[38,62,80,86,96,133,140],"function":[39],"of":[40,64,76,82,88,98,112,127,135,152,162],"examples":[42],"in":[43,66],"these":[44,158],"cases":[45],"is":[46],"better":[47],"described":[48],"locating":[50],"an":[51],"already":[52],"learned":[53],"task":[54],"rather":[55],"than":[56],"meta-learning.":[57],"This":[58],"analysis":[59],"motivates":[60],"rethinking":[61],"role":[63],"controlling":[67],"and":[68,100,107,172,175],"evaluating":[69],"powerful":[70],"models.":[72],"discuss":[74,156],"prompt":[77,128],"programming,":[78,129],"emphasizing":[79],"usefulness":[81],"considering":[83],"through":[85],"lens":[87],"natural":[89,146],"language.":[90],"explore":[92],"techniques":[93,108],"exploiting":[95],"capacity":[97],"narratives":[99],"cultural":[101],"anchors":[102],"encode":[104],"nuanced":[105],"intentions":[106],"encouraging":[110],"deconstruction":[111],"problem":[114],"into":[115,170],"components":[116],"before":[117],"producing":[118],"verdict.":[120],"Informed":[121],"by":[122],"this":[123],"more":[124,159],"encompassing":[125],"theory":[126],"also":[131],"introduce":[132],"idea":[134],"metaprompt":[137],"seeds":[139],"model":[141],"generate":[143],"its":[144],"own":[145],"range":[151],"tasks.":[153],"Finally,":[154],"how":[157],"general":[160],"interacting":[163],"with":[164],"be":[168],"incorporated":[169],"existing":[171],"future":[173],"benchmarks":[174],"practical":[176],"applications.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
