{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3095611251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411496.3421224","title":"Moving Target Defense Considerations in Real-Time Safety- and Mission-Critical Systems","display_name":"Moving Target Defense Considerations in Real-Time Safety- and Mission-Critical Systems","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3095611251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411496.3421224","mag":"3095611251"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3411496.3421224","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411496.3421224","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3411496.3421224","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 7th ACM Workshop on Moving Target Defense","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3411496.3421224","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061277591","display_name":"Nathan Burow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3531-2261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathan Burow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015663783","display_name":"Ryan Burrow","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan Burrow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008805712","display_name":"Roger Khazan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6766-9169"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roger Khazan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046588386","display_name":"Howard Shrobe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0323-4606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Howard Shrobe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003648211","display_name":"Bryan C. Ward","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-6693"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bryan C. Ward","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8125,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79606762,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"81","last_page":"89"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/avionics","display_name":"Avionics","score":0.6705594062805176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.658431887626648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5370743274688721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-of-systems","display_name":"System of systems","score":0.5220601558685303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.4777211844921112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.4608535170555115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.45808449387550354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.44410327076911926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.4208669066429138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4197613000869751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-design","display_name":"Systems design","score":0.3322765827178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.32346630096435547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2415269911289215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.1668548285961151}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15792166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221329","display_name":"Avionics","level":2,"score":0.6705594062805176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.658431887626648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5370743274688721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87912763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7663737","display_name":"System of systems","level":3,"score":0.5220601558685303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.4777211844921112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.4608535170555115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.45808449387550354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.44410327076911926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4208669066429138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4197613000869751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31352089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3750474","display_name":"Systems design","level":2,"score":0.3322765827178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.32346630096435547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2415269911289215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.1668548285961151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3411496.3421224","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411496.3421224","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3411496.3421224","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 7th ACM Workshop on Moving Target Defense","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/146101","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/146101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ACM|7th ACM Workshop on Moving Target Defense","raw_type":"http://purl.org/eprint/type/ConferencePaper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3411496.3421224","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411496.3421224","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3411496.3421224","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 7th ACM Workshop on Moving Target Defense","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3605675581","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8721-05-C-0002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4158783420","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8702-15-D-0001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6355039972","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8721-05-C-0002 and/or FA8702-15-D-0001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/0447fe631"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3095611251.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3095611251.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W164984320","https://openalex.org/W1496310711","https://openalex.org/W1534030588","https://openalex.org/W1538332098","https://openalex.org/W2006539751","https://openalex.org/W2029114218","https://openalex.org/W2035991175","https://openalex.org/W2036033615","https://openalex.org/W2039511714","https://openalex.org/W2085942149","https://openalex.org/W2101699859","https://openalex.org/W2102902405","https://openalex.org/W2109219878","https://openalex.org/W2109488193","https://openalex.org/W2123034525","https://openalex.org/W2146412113","https://openalex.org/W2155810272","https://openalex.org/W2155851497","https://openalex.org/W2159216827","https://openalex.org/W2162800072","https://openalex.org/W2169704840","https://openalex.org/W2171264329","https://openalex.org/W2258876169","https://openalex.org/W2301588800","https://openalex.org/W2499909786","https://openalex.org/W2577141201","https://openalex.org/W2664781091","https://openalex.org/W2752929869","https://openalex.org/W2787144043","https://openalex.org/W2794691759","https://openalex.org/W2805634214","https://openalex.org/W2884410905","https://openalex.org/W2888796789","https://openalex.org/W2912918068","https://openalex.org/W2943459218","https://openalex.org/W2943651313","https://openalex.org/W2963934162","https://openalex.org/W2964241064","https://openalex.org/W2964663026","https://openalex.org/W2969994123","https://openalex.org/W2972949355","https://openalex.org/W4241368469","https://openalex.org/W4249529812","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2949958531","https://openalex.org/W1533614215","https://openalex.org/W2885989553","https://openalex.org/W1980228813","https://openalex.org/W1542338789","https://openalex.org/W2014618744","https://openalex.org/W2133273222","https://openalex.org/W2142417190","https://openalex.org/W2077348519","https://openalex.org/W1982828009"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Moving-target":[0],"defenses":[1,21],"(MTDs)":[2],"have":[3,119,153],"been":[4],"widely":[5],"studied":[6],"for":[7],"common":[8,89,131],"general-purpose":[9,91,132],"and":[10,44,133,161,165,168],"enterprise-computing":[11],"applications.":[12],"Indeed,":[13],"such":[14,57,65],"work":[15,126],"has":[16,35],"produced":[17],"highly":[18],"effective,":[19],"low-overhead":[20],"that":[22,34,41,130,143],"are":[23,48,59],"now":[24],"commonly":[25],"deployed":[26],"in":[27,67,90,108],"many":[28,116,147,169],"systems":[29,51,58,70,81,94,118,142],"today.":[30],"One":[31],"application":[32],"space":[33],"seen":[36],"comparatively":[37],"little":[38],"focus":[39],"is":[40,88],"of":[42,79,124,140],"safety-":[43],"mission-critical":[45],"systems,":[46],"which":[47],"often":[49],"real-time":[50,117,141],"(RTS)":[52],"with":[53],"temporal":[54],"requirements.":[55],"Furthermore,":[56],"increasingly":[60],"being":[61],"targeted":[62],"by":[63],"attackers,":[64],"as":[66,150],"industrial":[68],"control":[69,145],"(ICS),":[71],"including":[72],"power":[73,159],"grids.":[74],"The":[75],"strict":[76],"timing":[77],"requirements":[78],"these":[80,112],"presents":[82],"a":[83,151],"different":[84],"design":[85,114],"objective":[86],"than":[87,103],"applications":[92,135,148],"--":[93],"should":[95],"be":[96],"designed":[97],"around":[98],"the":[99,104,125,138],"worst-case":[100],"performance,":[101],"rather":[102],"average":[105],"case.":[106],"Perhaps":[107],"part":[109],"due":[110],"to":[111,155,163],"alternative":[113],"considerations,":[115],"not":[120],"benefited":[121],"from":[122,158],"much":[123],"on":[127],"software":[128],"security":[129],"enterprise":[134],"have,":[136],"despite":[137],"ubiquity":[139],"actively":[144],"so":[146],"we":[149],"society":[152],"come":[154],"rely":[156],"on,":[157],"generation":[160],"distribution,":[162],"automotive":[164],"avionic":[166],"applications,":[167],"others.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}